bible by Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, Π ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Ρ Ρ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Textus Receptus. ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π² 1876 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ.
Π ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ β ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Ρ, β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· 27 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² I Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅.
Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π³ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ, Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² 1516 Π³. ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Β«Textus receptusΒ», ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π’ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΉΠ»Π°, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
Π ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π² XVβIV Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π½. Ρ., ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π² I Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π½. Ρ., ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ).
27 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ:
Π ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ β ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· 39 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π°. Π VI Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π .Π₯.
ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Β«ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΒ». ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ» ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π’ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊ Π₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½-ΠΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π’ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π½-ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² XII ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π» Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π² XVβIV Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ Π .Π₯. ΠΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΠ·Π΄ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 270 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π .Π₯. ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 70 Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠ°) Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (Ρ. Π½. ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π‘Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°).
39 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ:
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ, Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ»Π°Π·Π³ΠΎ, Π¨ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ. Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈ β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1952-1958 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π² 1985 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ: ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° 17 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°.
Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡΠ°
Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30-ΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎ 20-25 Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Π’ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 25 000 Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XVI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»Π°Π»ΡΡ Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½, ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ
Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ΄ β ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π‘ 1947 ΠΏΠΎ 1965 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π» Π² ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ «ΠΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΡ», Π° Ρ 1959 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π‘ 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ.
Π‘Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡΠ°
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΡΡΡΡΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ β ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ
ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Β«Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Β» (Exposition of the Old and New Testaments). ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π² 1708-1710 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π°
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π²Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎ, ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ°Π²Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ» Π² Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ΅ 1904 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π»Π»Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»Π»Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² 1989-1996 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ: ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ Π₯Π°ΡΡΠ»Π°Π°.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π€Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π€Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ β ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ
Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ New Bible Commentary (Inter-Varsity Press).
ΠΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π²Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Β«Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΒ», Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°: Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ° (ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅), ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ
Β«ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΒ» β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°
ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (Π»Π°Ρ. Augustinus Sanctus, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½; 354-430) β Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ, Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊ. Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄.
ΠΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ°, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ 1189 Π³Π»Π°Π² ΠΈ 31102 ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π‘Π²ΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ 3-4 Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ Π² Π»Π΅Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° 365 Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ! ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ!
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ β ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ 3 Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ β ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³ β Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ². ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π² Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎ ΠΠ²ΡΠ°Π°ΠΌΠ°.
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°Ρ.
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π₯ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ. Π£Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ 10 Π³Π»Π°Π² Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
New International Version
The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English.
New International Version (NIV)
The New International Version (NIV) is a completely original translation of the Bible developed by more than one hundred scholars working from the best available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.
The initial vision for the project was provided by a single individual β an engineer working with General Electric in Seattle by the name of Howard Long. Long was a lifelong devotee of the King James Version, but when he shared it with his friends he was distressed to find that it just didnβt connect. Long saw the need for a translation that captured the truths he loved in the language that his contemporaries spoke.
For 10 years, Long and a growing group of like-minded supporters drove this idea. The passion of one man became the passion of a church, and ultimately the passion of a whole group of denominations. And finally, in 1965, after several years of preparatory study, a trans-denominational and international group of scholars met in Palos Heights, Illinois, and agreed to begin work on the project β determining to not simply adapt an existing English version of the Bible but to start from scratch with the best available manuscripts in the original languages. Their conclusion was endorsed by a large number of church leaders who met in Chicago in 1966.
A self-governing body of fifteen biblical scholars, the Committee on Bible Translation (CBT) was formed and charged with responsibility for the version, and in 1968 the New York Bible Society (which subsequently became the International Bible Society and then Biblica) generously undertook the financial sponsorship of the project. The translation of each book was assigned to translation teams, each made up of two lead translators, two translation consultants, and a stylistic consultant where necessary. The initial translations produced by these teams were carefully scrutinized and revised by intermediate editorial committees of five biblical scholars to check them against the source texts and assess them for comprehensibility. Each edited text was then submitted to a general committee of eight to twelve members before being distributed to selected outside critics and to all members of the CBT in preparation for a final review. Samples of the translation were tested for clarity and ease of reading with pastors, students, scholars, and lay people across the full breadth of the intended audience. Perhaps no other translation has undergone a more thorough process of review and revision. From the very start, the NIV sought to bring modern Bible readers as close as possible to the experience of the very first Bible readers: providing the best possible blend of transparency to the original documents and comprehension of the original meaning in every verse. With this clarity of focus, however, came the realization that the work of translating the NIV would never be truly complete. As new discoveries were made about the biblical world and its languages, and as the norms of English usage developed and changed over time, the NIV would also need to change to hold true to its original vision.
And so in the original NIV charter, provision was made not just to issue periodic updates to the text but also to create a mechanism for constant monitoring of changes in biblical scholarship and English usage. The CBT was charged to meet every year to review, maintain, and strengthen the NIVβs ability to accurately and faithfully render Godβs unchanging Word in modern English.
The 2011 update to the NIV is the latest fruit of this process. By working with input from pastors and Bible scholars, by grappling with the latest discoveries about biblical languages and the biblical world, and by using cutting-edge research on English usage, the Committee on Bible Translation has updated the text to ensure that the New International Version of the Bible remains faithful to Howard Longβs original inspiration.
New International Version
The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English.
New International Version (NIV)
The New International Version (NIV) is a completely original translation of the Bible developed by more than one hundred scholars working from the best available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.
The initial vision for the project was provided by a single individual β an engineer working with General Electric in Seattle by the name of Howard Long. Long was a lifelong devotee of the King James Version, but when he shared it with his friends he was distressed to find that it just didnβt connect. Long saw the need for a translation that captured the truths he loved in the language that his contemporaries spoke.
For 10 years, Long and a growing group of like-minded supporters drove this idea. The passion of one man became the passion of a church, and ultimately the passion of a whole group of denominations. And finally, in 1965, after several years of preparatory study, a trans-denominational and international group of scholars met in Palos Heights, Illinois, and agreed to begin work on the project β determining to not simply adapt an existing English version of the Bible but to start from scratch with the best available manuscripts in the original languages. Their conclusion was endorsed by a large number of church leaders who met in Chicago in 1966.
A self-governing body of fifteen biblical scholars, the Committee on Bible Translation (CBT) was formed and charged with responsibility for the version, and in 1968 the New York Bible Society (which subsequently became the International Bible Society and then Biblica) generously undertook the financial sponsorship of the project. The translation of each book was assigned to translation teams, each made up of two lead translators, two translation consultants, and a stylistic consultant where necessary. The initial translations produced by these teams were carefully scrutinized and revised by intermediate editorial committees of five biblical scholars to check them against the source texts and assess them for comprehensibility. Each edited text was then submitted to a general committee of eight to twelve members before being distributed to selected outside critics and to all members of the CBT in preparation for a final review. Samples of the translation were tested for clarity and ease of reading with pastors, students, scholars, and lay people across the full breadth of the intended audience. Perhaps no other translation has undergone a more thorough process of review and revision. From the very start, the NIV sought to bring modern Bible readers as close as possible to the experience of the very first Bible readers: providing the best possible blend of transparency to the original documents and comprehension of the original meaning in every verse. With this clarity of focus, however, came the realization that the work of translating the NIV would never be truly complete. As new discoveries were made about the biblical world and its languages, and as the norms of English usage developed and changed over time, the NIV would also need to change to hold true to its original vision.
And so in the original NIV charter, provision was made not just to issue periodic updates to the text but also to create a mechanism for constant monitoring of changes in biblical scholarship and English usage. The CBT was charged to meet every year to review, maintain, and strengthen the NIVβs ability to accurately and faithfully render Godβs unchanging Word in modern English.
The 2011 update to the NIV is the latest fruit of this process. By working with input from pastors and Bible scholars, by grappling with the latest discoveries about biblical languages and the biblical world, and by using cutting-edge research on English usage, the Committee on Bible Translation has updated the text to ensure that the New International Version of the Bible remains faithful to Howard Longβs original inspiration.