The world bank

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The world bank

WHO WE ARE

With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.

Our Mission

To end extreme poverty:

By reducing the share of the global population that lives in extreme poverty to 3 percent.

To promote shared prosperity:

By increasing the incomes of the poorest 40 percent of people in every country.

The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.

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Our Core Values

Our core values embody what is most important to us as an institution, and in how we work with each other, our clients and our partners. They guide the decisions we make and the actions we take in carrying out our mission.

Partnering with Governments

Together, IBRD and IDA form the World Bank, which provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments of developing countries. IDA focuses on the world’s poorest countries, while IBRD assists middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries.

Partnering with the Private Sector

IFC, MIGA, and ICSID focus on strengthening the private sector in developing countries. Through these institutions, the World Bank Group provides financing, technical assistance, political risk insurance, and settlement of disputes to private enterprises, including financial institutions.

One World Bank Group

While our five institutions have their own country membership, governing boards, and articles of agreement, we work as one to serve our partner countries. Today’s development challenges can only be met if the private sector is part of the solution. But the public sector sets the groundwork to enable private investment and allow it to thrive. The complementary roles of our institutions give the World Bank Group a unique ability to connect global financial resources, knowledge, and innovative solutions to the needs of developing countries.

Resources

World Bank Annual Report

The Annual Report focuses on how the World Bank is partnering with countries to end extreme poverty by 2030, promote shared prosperity, and support the global sustainable development agenda.

Food Security Update: Food Price Inflation Remains High

Our latest food security update shows high inflation continuing in most low- and middle-income countries. The share of high-income countries facing high inflation has also increased sharply. Learn More.

World Water Week 2022

World Water Week, organized each year by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), brings together experts, professionals, innovators and entrepreneurs from various sectors and countries with the aim of developing solutions for water-related challenges. The theme of this year’s event is «Seeing the Unseen: The Value of Water,» with a focus on the diverse aspects of water, how others view and value water, and the exploration of water’s full value to society.

A New Tool in the Fight Against Climate Change

Our new Country Climate and Development Reports provide analytical, country-specific roadmaps to a green, resilient and inclusive future.

The World Bank and Ukraine

Join Us

Our Mission

The World Bank Group has two goals,

to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way

We engage the development community with real-world statistics

Agriculture is crucial to economic growth: in 2018, it accounted for 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP) and in some least developing countries, it can account for more than 25% of GDP.

But agriculture-driven growth, poverty reduction, and food security are at risk: Multiple shocks – from COVID-19 related disruptions to extreme weather, pests and conflicts – are impacting food systems, resulting in higher food prices and growing hunger. Read more

Many countries are facing growing levels of food insecurity, reversing years of development gains, and threatening the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Even before COVID-19 reduced incomes and disrupted supply chains, chronic and acute hunger were on the rise due to various factors, including conflict, socio-economic conditions, natural hazards, climate change and pests. The impact of the war in Ukraine adds risk to global food security, with food prices likely to remain high for the foreseeable future and expected to push millions of additional people into acute food insecurity. Read more

While the outlook for global food supplies remains favorable, food prices increased sharply due to elevated input prices which, combined with high transport costs and trade disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, are raising import bills. That hits poor and developing countries hardest, as they depend on food imports the most. Read more

World Bank Open Data

Free and open access to global development data

MOST RECENT

Improved governance and increased investment needed to tackle world water crisis

Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land: A Companion Guide for Cognitive Interviewing

Precious metal prices pressured by rising interest rates and weaker economic activity

Data brings new perspectives to watershed conservation

Extreme Poverty

The proportion of the world’s population living in extreme poverty has dropped significantly

Over 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet and most live in lower-middle-income countries.

More Resources

Open Data Catalog

Provides a listing of available World Bank datasets, including databases, pre-formatted tables, reports, and other resources.

DataBank

An analysis and visualisation tool that contains collections of time series data on a variety of topics.

Microdata Library

Provides access to data collected through sample surveys of households, business establishments or other facilities.

Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals

Guides readers through the Sustainable Development Goals using interactive storytelling and innovative data visualizations.

International Debt Statistics

Provides access to comprehensive annual statistics on external debt stocks and flows for 120 developing countries.

International Comparison Program

Explore purchasing power parities (PPPs), price levels, economic data and the methodology behind the world’s largest statistical partnership.

World Development Indicators

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources.

Open Finances

Explore raw data about the World Bank Group’s finances, including disbursements and management of global funds.

Projects & Operations

Provides access to basic information on all of the World Bank’s lending projects from 1947 to the present.

Open Data Toolkit

Provides an understanding of Open Data and how to get «up to speed» in planning and implementing an open data program.

Living Standards Measurement Study

Supports countries in conducting multi-topic household surveys to generate high-quality data, improve survey methods and build capacity.

Global Consumption Database

A one-stop source of data on household consumption patterns in developing countries.

WHAT WE DO

The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face.

Development Projects

Since 1947, the World Bank has funded over 12,000 development projects, via traditional loans, interest-free credits, and grants.

Projects

Access the World Bank’s lending portfolio of more than 12,000 development projects, including current and historical data since 1947.

Priorities

Three priorities guide our work with countries to end poverty and boost prosperity for the poorest people. Helping create sustainable economic growth, investing in people and building resilience to shocks and threats that can roll back decades of progress.

Human Capital Project

We can end extreme poverty and create more inclusive societies by developing human capital. This requires investing in people through nutrition, health care, quality education, jobs and skills.

Research and Publications

Featured

Global Findex Database

The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred financial inclusion – driving a large increase in digital payments amid the global expansion of formal financial services. This expansion created new economic opportunities, narrowing the gender gap in account ownership, and building resilience at the household level to better manage financial shocks, according to the Global Findex 2021 database.

Women, Business and the Law 2022

Legal reforms to encourage and incentivize women’s work strengthen communities and economies. In 86 countries, women face some form of job restriction and 95 countries do not guarantee equal pay for equal work, according to the World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law 2022 report.

World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery

The 2022 World Development Report (WDR) examines the financial and economic risks that have been created or exacerbated by the pandemic, and outlines policy measures governments should take now to avoid major financial upheaval.

Open Knowledge Repository

Select works from over 30,000 World Bank publications

The world economy continues to suffer from a series of destabilizing shocks. After more than two years of pandemic, the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine and its global effects on commodity markets, supply chains, inflation, and financial conditions have steepened the slowdown in global growth. In particular, the war in Ukraine is leading to soaring prices and volatility in energy markets, with improvements in activity in energy exporters more than offset by headwinds to activity in most other economies.

For thousands of years, migration has been a source of social and economic well-being for people living on different shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Whether through higher earnings for migrants, access to labor for receiving countries, or remittances for sending communities, migration has been an important driver of development in the Mediterranean region. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic has severely disrupted this complex web of movements, raising questions about whether migration will continue to be an important driver of the region’s well-being. As time passed, it became clear that the drivers of migration are so strong that mobility restrictions can only reduce movements, not halt them entirely. Building Resilient Migration Systems in the Mediterranean Region: Lessons from COVID-19 presents evidence on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on mobility in the region to inform policy responses that can help countries restart migration safely and better respond to future shocks.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the upsides and downsides of international trade in medical goods and services. Open trade can increase access to medical services and goods (and the critical inputs needed to manufacture them), improve quality and variety, and reduce costs. But excessive concentration of production, restrictive trade policies, supply chain disruptions, and regulatory divergence can jeopardize the ability of public health systems to respond to pandemics and other health crises. This report, coordinated by Nadia Rocha and Michele Ruta at the World Bank and Marc Bacchetta and Joscelyn Magdeleine at the WTO, provides new data on trade in medical goods and services and medical value chains; surveys the evolving policy landscape before and during the pandemic; and proposes an action plan to improve trade policies and deepen international cooperation to deal with future pandemics.

Where Is the Value in the Chain? Pathways out of Plastic Pollution aims to support policy makers in their efforts to address plastic pollution. By examining the economic and financial implications of plastic management, the report provides key recommendations on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and to help policy makers make informed decisions for plastic pollution management. The report brings together new evidence from three analytical undertakings

International economic integration offers unexploited opportunities to Latin America and the Caribbean. This report studies how the region’s countries can leverage trade agreements to promote their economies’ participation in global value chains (GVCs).The gaps between potential and actual GVC integration follow from the region’s Economic fundamentals, such as geography, market size, institutions, and factor endowments. But policy choices matter as well. The report, based on new data and evidence, shows that trade agreements can drive policy reforms and help the region overcome some of its disadvantageous fundamentals.

History

Contacts

Headquarters
1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA (202) 473-1000

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The past 70 years have seen major changes in the world economy. Over that time, the World Bank Group—the world’s largest development institution—has worked to help more than 100 developing countries and countries in transition adjust to these changes by offering loans and tailored knowledge and advice. The Bank Group works with country governments, the private sector, civil society organizations, regional development banks, think tanks, and other international institutions on issues ranging from climate change, conflict, and food security to education, agriculture, finance, and trade. All of these efforts support the Bank Group’s twin goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity of the poorest 40 percent of the population in all countries.

Founded in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development—soon called the World Bank—has expanded to a closely associated group of five development institutions. Originally, its loans helped rebuild countries devastated by World War II. In time, the focus shifted from reconstruction to development, with a heavy emphasis on infrastructure such as dams, electrical grids, irrigation systems, and roads. With the founding of the International Finance Corporation in 1956, the institution became able to lend to private companies and financial institutions in developing countries. And the founding of the International Development Association in 1960 put greater emphasis on the poorest countries, part of a steady shift toward the eradication of poverty becoming the Bank Group’s primary goal. The subsequent launch of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency further rounded out the Bank Group’s ability to connect global financial resources to the needs of developing countries.

Today the Bank Group’s work touches nearly every sector that is important to fighting poverty, supporting economic growth, and ensuring sustainable gains in the quality of people’s lives in developing countries. While sound project selection and design remain paramount, the Bank Group recognizes a wide range of factors that are critical to success—effective institutions, sound policies, continuous learning through evaluation and knowledge-sharing, and partnership, including with the private sector. The Bank Group has long-standing relationships with more than 180 member countries, and it taps these to address development challenges that are increasingly global. On critical issues like climate change, pandemics, and forced migration, the Bank Group plays a leading role because it is able to convene discussion among its country members and a wide array of partners. It can help address crises while building the foundations for longer-term, sustainable development.

The evolution of the Bank Group has also been reflected in the diversity of its multidisciplinary staff, who include economists, public policy experts, sector experts, and social scientists, based at headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in the field. Today, more than a third of staff are based in country offices.

WHERE WE WORK

The World Bank Group works in more than 170 countries, working with partners in the public and private sectors in their efforts to end poverty and tackle some of the most pressing development challenges.

Browse Our Locations

In Depth

Find a Project

Search our project database by keyword or browse by country, sector, and theme.

Development Data and Statistics

Download World Bank data and statistics for over 200 countries and 1,200 indicators on development topics.

Country Partnership Framework

Learn how the World Bank Group focuses its programs of investment and support with its partner countries.

Results That Change Lives

This series highlights the projects that have made a real difference on the ground, and the people who have benefitted.

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Organization

Contacts

Headquarters
1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA (202) 473-1000

Stay Connected

The World Bank is like a cooperative, made up of 189 member countries. These member countries, or shareholders, are represented by a Board of Governors, who are the ultimate policymakers at the World Bank. Generally, the governors are member countries’ ministers of finance or ministers of development. They meet once a year at the Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund.

The governors delegate specific duties to 25 Executive Directors, who work on-site at the Bank. The five largest shareholders appoint an executive director, while other member countries are represented by elected executive directors.

The World Bank operates day-to-day under the leadership and direction of the president, management and senior staff, and the vice presidents in charge of Global Practices, Cross-Cutting Solutions Areas, regions, and functions.

Food Security Update: Food Price Inflation Remains High

World Water Week 2022

A New Tool in the Fight Against Climate Change

Our new Country Climate and Development Reports provide analytical, country-specific roadmaps to a green, resilient and inclusive future.

The World Bank and Ukraine

Join Us

Our Mission

The World Bank Group has two goals,

to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way

We engage the development community with real-world statistics

Agriculture is crucial to economic growth: in 2018, it accounted for 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP) and in some least developing countries, it can account for more than 25% of GDP.

The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

What is the difference between the World Bank Group and the IMF?

Founded at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the two institutions have complementary missions. The World Bank Group works with developing countries to reduce poverty and increase shared prosperity, while the International Monetary Fund serves to stabilize the international monetary system and acts as a monitor of the world’s currencies. The World Bank Group provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments, and also focuses on strengthening the private sector in developing countries. The IMF keeps track of the economy globally and in member countries, lends to countries with balance of payments difficulties, and gives practical help to members. Countries must first join the IMF to be eligible to join the World Bank Group; today, each institution has 189 member countries.

The World Bank Group

The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.

Together, IBRD and IDA form the World Bank, which provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments of developing countries. IDA focuses on the world’s poorest countries, while IBRD assists middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries.

IFC, MIGA, and ICSID focus on strengthening the private sector in developing countries. Through these institutions, the World Bank Group provides financing, technical assistance, political risk insurance, and settlement of disputes to private enterprises, including financial institutions.

The International Monetary Fund

The IMF works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

The IMF’s primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to transact with each other. It does so by keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries, lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties, and giving practical help to members.

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Merchandise Trade statistics data for RUSSIA (RUSSIA) including exports and imports, applied tariffs, top exporting and importing countries, effectively applied and MFN tariff along with most exported and imported product groups, along with development indicators such as GDP, GNI per capita, trade balance and trade as percentage of GDP for Most Recent Year.

Russia and the World Bank: International Development Assistance

Housing sector in Russia currently accounts for approximately one quarter of all energy consumed in the country. Being the second largest consumer of energy in the country (second to industry), there is an enormous potential for energy savings and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reductions in the housing sector.

In Russia, a child born today can expect to achieve 68 percent of the productivity of a fully educated adult in optimal health. It is at the average level for Europe and Central Asia countries and the third result globally among the countries of the same income group. There is a stark contrast between education and health subscales in Russia.

World Bank

Areas of Focus

The World Bank’s activities are focused on developing countries, in the fields of human development (education, health), agriculture and rural development (irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and good governance (anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the economy. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and to implementation of new regulations to limit pollution.

The activities of the International Finance Corporation and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency include investment in the private sector and providing insurance.

The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, which provides training and other capacity building programs to member countries.

Organizational Structure

Five affiliated agencies created between 1956 and 1988 make up the World Bank Group. The Group’s headquarters are in Washington, D.C. It is an international organization owned by member governments. It makes a profit, but the profit is used to support continued efforts in poverty reduction.

Technically, the World Bank is part of the United Nations system, but its governance structure is different. Each institution in the World Bank Group is owned by its member governments, which subscribe to its basic share capital, with votes proportional to shares held. Membership gives certain voting rights that are the same for all countries but there are additional votes which depend on financial contributions to the organization.

As of November 1, 2006 the United States held 16.4 percent of total votes, Japan 7.9 percent, Germany 4.5 percent, and the United Kingdom and France each held 4.3 percent. As major decisions require an 85 percent super-majority, the U.S. can block any such major change.

World Bank Group Agencies

The Five World Bank Group agencies are:

Governments can choose which of these agencies to join as members. The IBRD has 185 member governments, and the other institutions have between 140 and 176 members. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a Board of Governors that meet once a year. [4] Each member country appoints a governor, generally its Minister of Finance.

Presidency

By convention, the Bank President has always been nominated by the U.S. President and is a US citizen. [7] By the same convention, the Managing Director of the IMF has been a European. Although nominated by the US Government, the World Bank President is subject to confirmation by the Board of Governors. The World Bank President serves a term of five years, which may be renewed.

The World Bank Group was recently headed by Paul Wolfowitz. He was appointed on June 1, 2005 but was forced to resign on May 17, 2007. Wolfowitz, a former United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, was nominated by George W. Bush to replace James D. Wolfensohn. It came to light that Wolfowitz had used his influence to transfer his girlfriend out of the World Bank to the State Department for a significantly higher income job. The controversy surrounding this decision and other criticism about his aloof leadership style brought him down.

On May 30, 2007, U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Robert Zoellick to be the next President of the World Bank. Zoellick is a former U.S. Trade Representative and former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State. At the time of his nomination, he was an executive with Goldman Sachs. The nomination is subject to approval by the World Bank Board of Directors.

List of Presidents

List of Chief Economists

List of World Bank Directors-General of Evaluation

Criticism

The World Bank has long been criticized by a range of nongovernmental organizations and academics, notably including its former Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz, who is equally critical of the International Monetary Fund, the US Treasury Department, and US and other developed country trade negotiators. [8] The Bank’s own internal evaluations have drawn negative conclusions. Critics argue that the so-called free market reform policies — which the Bank advocates in many cases — are often harmful to economic development if implemented badly, too quickly («shock therapy (economics)»), in the wrong sequence, or in very weak, uncompetitive economies. [9] In Russia, for example, some have suggested that it was an apparent shock therapy policy that has significantly raised the number of people living in poverty from 2 million to 60 million, a 3000 percent increase.

Following decolonization, many African countries were ruled by dictators. Some corrupt dictators are alleged to have stolen much of the financial support lent by the World Bank, IMF, and other lenders, suggesting a lack of oversight by the World Bank and leaving a legacy of enormous national debt in these recipient nations.

However, World Bank standards and methods such as transparent procedures for competitive procurement and environmental standards for project evaluation are highly valued by some, and have been adopted successfully in some areas.

Although relied upon by poor countries as a contributor of development finance, the World Bank is often criticized, primarily by opponents of corporate «neo-colonial» globalization. These advocates of alter-globalization fault the bank for what they believe are policies and procedures that undermine national sovereignty of recipient countries.

A related accusation is that the Bank operates under essentially «neo-liberal» principles. In this perspective, reforms born of «neo-liberal» inspiration are not always suitable for nations experiencing conflicts (ethnic wars, border conflicts, etc.), or that are long-oppressed (dictatorship or colonialism) and do not have stable, democratic political systems.

There is suspicion in some circles that the Bank is under the marked political influence of certain countries (notably, the United States) that would profit from advancing their interests. Those who hold this view suspect the World Bank would favor the installation of foreign enterprises, to the detriment of the development of the local economy and the people living in that country.

In her book Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the Poverty of Nations (1996), author Catherine Caufield makes a sharp criticism of the assumptions and structure of the World Bank operation, arguing that it harms southern nations rather than promoting them. Caufield criticizes the highly homogenized and Western recipes of “development” held by the Bank. Caufield takes the stand that, to the World Bank, different nations and regions are indistinguishable, and ready to receive the “uniform remedy of development.” The danger of this assumption is that to attain even small portions of success, western approaches to life are adopted and traditional economic structures and values are abandoned. Caufield presents a second assumption held by the World Bank, that poor countries cannot modernize without money and advice from abroad. She suggests that this generates a cycle of indebtedness that with the payment of interest means a huge net transfer from the poor to the rich nations each year.

Caufield criticizes two elements in the structure of the World Bank. First, the structure of repayment; the Bank is a lender of foreign currency and demands to be repaid in the same currency. The borrower countries, in order to obtain the currencies to repay the loans, must sell to the rich countries more than they buy from them. However, the rich countries want to be net exporters, not importers. This generates “the transfer problem,” often the only way of repaying loans is to engage in other loans, resulting in an accumulation of debts. Second, she criticizes the high influence of the bank over national sovereignty. As a condition of the credit, the Bank offers advice on how countries should manage their finances, make their laws, provide services, and conduct themselves in the international market. The Bank has great power of persuasion, because if it decides to ostracize a borrower, other major international powers will follow the lead. On top of this, by excessive lending, the Bank has added to its own power and depleted that of its borrowers, generating a blatant inconsistency with its stated mission.

Defenders of the World Bank contend that no country is forced to borrow its money. The Bank provides both loans and grants. Even the loans are concessional since they are given to countries that have no access to international capital markets. Furthermore, the loans, both to poor and middle-income countries, are at below market-value interest rates. The World Bank argues that it can help development more through loans than grants, because money repaid on the loans can then be lent for other projects.

AIDS Controversy

In debates about the World Bank’s role, the arguments are complex and often rely as much upon political judgment as economic proof. For example, in the 2005 Massey Lecture, entitled «Race Against Time,» Stephen Lewis argued that the structural adjustment policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have aggravated and aided the spread of the AIDS pandemic by limiting the funding allowed to health and education sectors. However, it should also be noted that, although finances hardly help stop the spread of the AIDS pandemic, the World Bank is a major source of funding for combating AIDS in poor countries, and in the past six years it has committed about US$ 2 billion through grants, loans and credits for programs to fight HIV/AIDS.

Evaluation at the World Bank

Social and environmental concerns

Throughout the period from 1972 to 1989, the Bank did not conduct its own environmental assessments and did not require assessments for every project that was proposed. Assessments were required only for a varying, small percentage of projects, with the environmental staff, in the early 1970s, sending check-off forms to the borrowers and, in the latter part of the period, sending more detailed documentation and suggestions for analysis.

During this same period, the Bank’s failure to adequately consider social environmental factors was most evident in the 1976 Indonesian Transmigration program (Transmigration V). This project was funded after the establishment of the Bank’s OESA (environmental) office in 1971. According to the Bank critic Le Prestre, Transmigration V was the “largest resettlement program ever attempted… designed ultimately to transfer, over a period of twenty years, 65 million of the nation’s 165 million inhabitants from the overcrowded islands of Java, Bali, Madura, and Lombok…” (175). The objectives were: relief of the economic and social problems of the inner islands, reduction of unemployment on Java, relocation of manpower to the outer islands, the “strengthen[ing of] national unity through ethnic integration, and improve[ment of] the living standard of the poor” (ibid, 175).

Putting aside the possibly Machiavellian politics of such a project, it otherwise failed as the new settlements went out of control. Local populations fought with the migrators and the tropical forest was devastated (destroying the lives of indigenous peoples). Also, “[s]ome settlements were established in inhospitable sites, and failures were common;” these concerns were noted by the Bank’s environmental unit whose recommendations (to Bank management) and analyses were ignored (Le Prestre, 176). Funding continued through 1987, despite the problems noted and despite the Bank’s published stipulations (1982) concerning the treatment of groups to be resettled.

More recent authors have pointed out that the World Bank learned from the mistakes of projects such as Transmigration V and greatly improved its social and environmental controls, especially during the 1990s. It has established a set of «Safeguard Policies» that set out wide ranging basic criteria that projects must meet to be acceptable. The policies are demanding, and as Mallaby (reference below) observes: «Because of the combined pressures from Northern NGOs and shareholders, the Bank’s project managers labor under «safeguard» rules covering ten sensitive issues … no other development lender is hamstrung in this way» (page 389). The ten policies cover: Environmental Assessment, Natural Habitats, Forests, Pest Management, Cultural Property, Involuntary Resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, Safety of Dams, Disputed Areas, and International Waterways [9].

The Independent Evaluation Group

The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) (formerly known as the Operations Evaluation Department (OED)) plays an important check and balance role in the World Bank. Similar in its role to the US Government’s Government Accountability Office (GAO), it is an independent unit of the World Bank that reports evaluation findings directly to the Bank’s Board of Executive Directors. IEG evaluations provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank’s work, and ensuring accountability of World Bank management to the member countries (through the World Bank Board) in the achievement of its objectives.

Extractive Industries Review

Impact evaluations

In recent years there has been an increased focus on measuring results of World Bank development assistance through impact evaluations. An impact evaluation assesses the changes in the well-being of individuals that can be attributed to a particular project, program or policy. Impact evaluations demand a substantial amount of information, time and resources. Therefore, it is important to select carefully the public actions that will be evaluated. One of the important considerations that could govern the selection of interventions (whether they be projects, programs or policies) for impact evaluation is the potential of evaluation results for learning. In general, it is best to evaluate interventions that maximize the possibility of learning from current poverty reduction efforts and provide insights for midcourse correction, as necessary.

Other Information

The World Bank provides summer internships to local DC students at its headquarters every year. This youth development program is a large investment in the city’s youth and the World Bank partners with a local nonprofit, Urban Alliance Foundation, to provide this opportunity.

Notes

References

External links

All links retrieved October 10, 2020.

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Population. Improvements in national averages for life expectancy, fertility, migration, and other indicators have been seen across the globe. However, there are still considerable variations within countries stemming from disparities in income, availability of and access to services, social practices, and conflict. Access data CSV Databank.

Population, male. Population, male (% of total population) International migrant stock, total. International migrant stock (% of population) Population ages 25-29, female (% of female population) Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population)

World Bank Open Data | Data

World Development Indicators | The World Bank

Average annual population growth %. Population age composition. Dependency ratio. Crude death rate. Crude birth rate. Ages 0-14. Ages 15-64. Ages 65+.

Всемирный банк

Информация об организации

Цели и задачи Всемирного банка

Главной целью деятельности Всемирного банка является поддержка всеобъемлющего и устойчивого развития в глобальном масштабе. Всемирный банк также стремится способствовать преодолению экономического разрыва между бедными и богатыми странами, сокращению бедности во всём мире, улучшению качества жизни людей посредством укрепления экономики стран-членов и содействия их устойчивому экономическому росту. В настоящее время Всемирный банк является одним из наиболее важных источников финансовой и технической помощи, оказываемой развивающимся странам мира. Банк предоставляет долгосрочные займы, гранты и техническую помощь развивающимся странам в реализации их стратегий сокращения масштабов бедности и ускорения экономического роста. В дополнение к финансированию, Банк предоставляет консультации и иные виды помощи развивающимся странам на почти каждый аспект экономического развития.

Особое внимание Всемирный банк уделяет следующим стратегическим направлениям:

Структура организации Всемирного банка

В процессе своего развития Всемирный банк претерпевал различные структурные изменения и в настоящее время представляет собой систему из пяти связанных между собой организаций развития, которые называются «Группа организаций Всемирного банка» (World Bank Group).

В состав Группы организаций Всемирного банка входят пять организаций:

Следует учитывать, что технически термин «Всемирный банк» относится только к Международному банку реконструкции и развития (МБРР) и Международной ассоциации развития (МАР), а термин «Группа организаций Всемирного банка» охватывает все пять подразделений: Всемирный банк (МБРР и МАР) и три другие учреждения — Международную финансовую корпорацию (МФК), Многостороннее агентство по гарантированию инвестиций (МАГИ) и Международный центр по урегулированию инвестиционных споров (МЦУИС).

Структура управления Всемирного банка

Структура управления Группы организаций Всемирного банка состоит из следующих элементов:

Всемирный банк подотчётен правительствам государств-членов. На верхнем уровне его организационной структуры находится Совет управляющих, который является высшим органом, принимающим решения и определяющим политику Банка. Как правило, управляющими являются министры финансов или развития государств-членов организации. Совет управляющих собирается один раз в год на Ежегодных совещаниях Всемирного банка и Международного валютного фонда. Поскольку управляющие проводят свои совещания не чаще, чем раз в год, конкретные полномочия переданы 25 исполнительным директорам, работающим непосредственно в штаб-квартире Банка в Вашингтоне. Пять исполнительных директоров представляют пять крупнейших государств-членов (Соединённые Штаты Америки, Германия, Великобритания, Франция и Япония), а остальные 20 исполнительных директоров представляют группы стран.

Повседневная деятельность Всемирного банка осуществляется под руководством Президента, высшего руководства организации и вице-президентов, отвечающих за конкретные регионы, сектора, направления деятельности и выполняющих конкретные функции. Президент Всемирного банка председательствует на совещаниях Совета директоров и отвечает за общее руководство деятельностью Банка. Президент избирается Советом управляющих на пятилетний срок и может быть переизбран. По традиции Президентом Всемирного банка становится гражданин США — страны, являющейся крупнейшим акционером Банка. Исполнительные директора образуют Совет директоров Всемирного банка. Обычно они проводят свои совещания два раза в неделю и осуществляют общее руководство работой организации, в том числе отвечают за утверждение всех займов и принятие политических решений, затрагивающих деятельность Банка, в том числе за утверждение займов и гарантий, новых принципов деятельности, административного бюджета, стратегий содействия странам, а также решений, касающихся заимствований и финансовой деятельности.

Политика кредитования Всемирного банка

Всемирный банк — международная финансовая организация, ведущая кредитную деятельность через два учреждения — МБРР и МАР, которые действуют сообща, но каждое из них играет особую роль в процессе. Целью МБРР является сокращение масштабов бедности в странах со средним уровнем дохода и в кредитоспособных странах с низким уровнем дохода, в то время как внимание МАР сосредоточено на беднейших странах мира.

Совместно эти учреждения предоставляют развивающимся странам займы по низким ставкам, беспроцентные кредиты и гранты, помогая им решать стоящие перед ними задачи в различных областях деятельности, таких как образование, здравоохранение, государственное управление, инфраструктура, развитие корпоративного и частного секторов, сельское хозяйство, охрана окружающей среды и управление природными ресурсами. Некоторые из таких проектов могут софинансироваться правительствами, другими многосторонними организациями, коммерческими банками и частными инвесторами. МБРР кредитует страны со средним уровнем дохода по процентным ставкам, соответствующим уровню рынка этих стран, а МАР кредитует страны с низким уровнем дохода по минимальным процентным ставкам или без процентов. Займы Всемирного банка беднейшим странам предоставляются на беспроцентной основе и имеют срок погашения до 50 лет. Развивающиеся страны и страны с переходной экономикой получают займы на срок от 15 до 20 лет, причём процентная ставка по ним ниже ставок, взимаемых коммерческими банками.

Всемирный банк осуществляет финансовую поддержку в форме низкопроцентных и беспроцентных займов (кредитов) и грантов. Банк предоставляет кредиты двух основных видов: инвестиционные кредиты и кредиты на цели развития. Инвестиционные кредиты предоставляются для финансирования производства товаров, работ и услуг в рамках проектов социально-экономического развития в различных секторах экономики. Кредиты на цели развития предоставляются в целях поддержки политических и институциональных реформ. Гранты предоставляются для финансирования разработки проектов путём стимулирования нововведений, сотрудничества между организациями и участия местных заинтересованных сторон в работе над проектами.

Объёмы кредитов Всемирного банка достигают десятков миллиардов долларов США в год. Банк финансирует конкретные проекты экономического и социального развития, оказывает техническое содействие и консультационную помощь, а также служит своего рода «катализатором» для привлечения инвестиций и заемных средств из других источников. Займы для осуществления конкретных проектов и программ в той или иной стране зачастую связаны с определёнными требованиями к заёмщику по проведению экономических и институциональных изменений. Каждые три года Группа Всемирного банка разрабатывает рамочный документ: «Стратегия деятельности Группы Всемирного банка», который используется как основа сотрудничества с той или иной страной. Стратегия помогает увязать программы Банка как по предоставлению займов, так и аналитических и консультационных услуг, с конкретными целями развития каждой страны-заёмщика. В стратегию входят проекты и программы, которые могут максимально повлиять на решение проблемы бедности и способствовать динамичному социально-экономическому развитию. До подачи на рассмотрение Совету директоров Всемирного банка стратегия обсуждается с правительством страны-заёмщика и с другими заинтересованными структурами.

Источники финансовых ресурсов Всемирного банка

Всемирный банк мобилизует денежные средства несколькими различными способами для поддержки кредитов и грантов, которые организация (МБРР и МАР) предоставляет странам-заёмщикам. Займы МБРР для развивающихся стран финансируются, главным образом, путём продажи на мировых финансовых рынках облигаций с рейтингом «ААА». Облигации МБРР приобретает широкий круг частных и институциональных инвесторов в странах Северной Америки, Европы и Азии. МБРР получает небольшой процентный доход от таких кредитных операций, и основную часть своего дохода он получает путём кредитования собственного капитала. Этот капитал состоит из накопленных с течением времени резервов и средств, внесённых 188 государствами-акционерами организации. Из дохода МБРР оплачиваются также операционные расходы Всемирного банка и осуществляются взносы в МАР и на цели облегчения бремени задолженности ряда стран.

Большое значение для Всемирного банка имеет поддержка государств-акционеров. Она выражается в предоставлении ими капитала для выполнения обязательств по обслуживанию задолженности перед МБРР. Кроме того, Банк располагает 193 миллиардами долларов США так называемого «востребуемого капитала», который может быть получен от акционеров в качестве резерва, если когда-нибудь в нём возникнет необходимость для выполнения обязательств МБРР по его заимствованиям (облигациям) или гарантиям. Однако Банку ещё ни разу не потребовалось воспользоваться этим ресурсом.

МАР, крупнейший в мире источник помощи в виде беспроцентных займов и грантов для наиболее бедных стран, пополняется каждые три года сорока государствами-донорами. Дополнительные ресурсы вновь создаются в процессе погашения основной суммы займов, которые выдаются сроком на лет, и беспроцентных займов, которые затем становятся доступны для перекредитования.

В конце финансового года Всемирный банк, как правило, имеет положительное сальдо, которое получает за счёт процентов, взимаемых по некоторым займам, а также сборов за некоторые оказываемые услуги. Часть прибыли перечисляется МАР, остальная часть положительного сальдо используется для облегчения долгового бремени бедных стран с высоким уровнем задолженности, переводится в финансовый резерв или используется для урегулирования чрезвычайных гуманитарных кризисов.

World Bank

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World Bank, in full World Bank Group, international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries. It also provides technical assistance and policy advice and supervises—on behalf of international creditors—the implementation of free-market reforms. Together with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization, it plays a central role in overseeing economic policy and reforming public institutions in developing countries and defining the global macroeconomic agenda.

Origins

Founded in 1944 at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference (commonly known as the Bretton Woods Conference), which was convened to establish a new, post-World War II international economic system, the World Bank officially began operations in June 1946. Its first loans were geared toward the postwar reconstruction of western Europe. Beginning in the mid-1950s, it played a major role in financing investments in infrastructural projects in developing countries, including roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage facilities, maritime ports, and airports.

The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The IBRD provides loans at market rates of interest to middle-income developing countries and creditworthy lower-income countries. The IDA, founded in 1960, provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to low-income developing countries in areas such as health, education, and rural development. Whereas the IBRD raises most of its funds on the world’s capital markets, the IDA’s lending operations are financed through contributions from developed countries. The IFC, operating in partnership with private investors, provides loans and loan guarantees and equity financing to business undertakings in developing countries. Loan guarantees and insurance to foreign investors against loss caused by noncommercial risks in developing countries are provided by the MIGA. Finally, the ICSID, which operates independently of the IBRD, is responsible for the settlement by conciliation or arbitration of investment disputes between foreign investors and their host developing countries.

From 1968 to 1981 the president of the World Bank was former U.S. secretary of defense Robert S. McNamara. Under his leadership the bank formulated the concept of “ sustainable development,” which attempted to reconcile economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries. Another feature of the concept was its use of capital flows (in the form of development assistance and foreign investment) to developing countries as a means of narrowing the income gap between rich and poor countries. The bank has expanded its lending activities and, with its numerous research and policy divisions, has developed into a powerful and authoritative intergovernmental body.

Organization

The World Bank is related to the UN, though it is not accountable either to the General Assembly or to the Security Council. Each of the bank’s more than 180 member states are represented on the board of governors, which meets once a year. The governors are usually their countries’ finance ministers or central bank governors. Although the board of governors has some influence on IBRD policies, actual decision-making power is wielded largely by the bank’s 25 executive directors. Five major countries—the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France—appoint their own executive directors. The other countries are grouped into regions, each of which elects one executive director. Throughout the World Bank’s history, the bank president, who serves as chairman of the Executive Board, has been an American citizen.

Voting power is based on a country’s capital subscription, which is based in turn on its economic resources. The wealthier and more developed countries constitute the bank’s major shareholders and thus exercise greater power and influence. For example, in the early 21st century the United States exercised nearly one-sixth of the votes in the IBRD, more than double that of Japan, the second largest contributor. Because developing countries hold only a small number of votes, the system does not provide a significant voice for these countries, which are the primary recipients of World Bank loans and policy advice.

The bank obtains its funds from the capital subscriptions of member countries, bond flotations on the world’s capital markets, and net earnings accrued from interest payments on IBRD and IFC loans. Approximately one-tenth of the subscribed capital is paid directly to the bank, with the remainder subject to call if required to meet obligations.

The World Bank is staffed by more than 10,000 people, roughly one-fourth of whom are posted in developing countries. The bank has more than 100 offices in member countries, and in many countries staff members serve directly as policy advisers to the ministry of finance and other ministries. The bank has consultative as well as informal ties with the world’s financial markets and institutions and maintains links with nongovernmental organizations in both developed and developing countries.

Debt and policy reform

The debt crisis of the early 1980s—during which many developing countries were unable to service their external debt to multilateral lending institutions, because of a slowdown in the world economy, high interest rates, a decline in commodity prices, and wide fluctuations in oil prices, among other factors—played a crucial role in the evolution of World Bank operations. The bank had become increasingly involved in shaping economic and social policies in indebted developing countries. As a condition of receiving loans, borrowing countries were required to implement stringent “structural adjustment programs,” which typically included severe cuts in spending for health and education, the elimination of price controls, the liberalization of trade, the deregulation of the financial sector, and the privatization of state-run enterprises. Although intended to restore economic stability, these programs, which were applied in a large number of countries throughout the developing world, frequently resulted in increased levels of poverty, mounting unemployment, and a spiraling external debt. In the wake of the debt crisis, the World Bank focused its efforts on providing financial assistance in the form of balance-of-payments support and loans for infrastructural projects such as roads, port facilities, schools, and hospitals. Although emphasizing poverty alleviation and debt relief for the world’s least developed countries, the bank has retained its commitment to economic stabilization policies that require the implementation of austerity measures by recipient countries.

The World Bank and the IMF played central roles in overseeing free-market reforms in eastern and central Europe after the fall of communism there in the 1980s and ’90s. The reforms, which included the creation of bankruptcy and privatization programs, were controversial because they frequently led to the closure of state-run industrial enterprises. “Exit mechanisms” to allow for the liquidation of so-called “problem enterprises” were put into place, and labour laws were modified to enable enterprises to lay off unneeded workers. The larger state enterprises often were sold to foreign investors or divided into smaller, privately owned companies. In Hungary, for example, some 17,000 businesses were liquidated and 5,000 reorganized in 1992–93, leading to a substantial increase in unemployment. The World Bank also provided reconstruction loans to countries that suffered internal conflicts or other crises (e.g., the successor republics of former Yugoslavia in the late 1990s). This financial assistance did not succeed in rehabilitating productive infrastructure, however. In several countries the macroeconomic reforms resulted in increased inflation and a marked decline in the standard of living.

The World Bank is the world’s largest multilateral creditor institution, and as such many of the world’s poorest countries owe it large sums of money. Indeed, for dozens of the most heavily indebted poor countries, the largest part of their external debt—in some cases constituting more than 50 percent—is owed to the World Bank and the multilateral regional development banks. According to some analysts, the burden of these debts—which according to the bank’s statutes cannot be canceled or rescheduled—has perpetuated economic stagnation throughout the developing world.

EREPORT.RU

The World Economy

The World Bank Group

The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and poverty reduction, and for encouraging and safeguarding international investment. The group and its affiliates have their headquarters in Washington, D.C., with local offices in 124 member countries.

Together with the separate International Monetary Fund, the World Bank organizations are often called the «Bretton Woods» institutions, after Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, where the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference that led to their establishment took place (1 July-22 July 1944).

The Bank came into formal existence on 27 December 1945 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements. Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 ($250m to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan issued by the Bank to date). Its five agencies are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Development Association (IDA), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

The World Bank’s activities are focused on developing countries, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). It provides loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the economy. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and to implementation of new regulations to limit pollution.

Organizational structure

Together with four affiliated agencies created between 1956 and 1988, the IBRD is part of the World Bank Group. The Group’s headquarters are in Washington, D.C.. It is a non-profit-making international organisation owned by member governments.

Technically the World Bank is part of the United Nations system, but its governance structure is different: each institution in the World Bank Group is owned by its member governments, which subscribe to its basic share capital, with votes proportional to shareholding. Membership gives certain voting rights that are the same for all countries but there are also additional votes which depend on financial contributions to the organization.

As a result, the World Bank is controlled primarily by developed countries, while clients have almost exclusively been developing countries. Some critics argue that a different governance structure would take greater account of developing countries’ needs. As of November 1, 2004 the United States held 16.4% of total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5%, and the United Kingdom and France each held 4.3%. As major decisions require an 85% super-majority, the US can block any change.

World Bank Group agencies. The World Bank Group consists of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1945, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, the International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988 and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1966. Governments can choose which of these agencies they sign up to individually. The IBRD has 184 member governments, and the other institutions have between 140 and 176 members. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a Board of 24 Executive Directors, with each Director representing either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.

The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serve as the legal and institutional foundation for all of their work. The Bank also serves as one of several Implementing Agencies for the UN Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Presidency. The World Bank Group is headed by Paul Wolfowitz, appointed on June 1, 2005. Wolfowitz, a former United States Deputy Secretary of Defense and well-known neo-conservative, was nominated by George W. Bush to replace James D. Wolfensohn. By convention, the Bank President has always been a US citizen, while the Managing Director of the IMF has been a European. Although nominated by the US Government, the World Bank President is subject to confirmation by the Board of Directors. The President serves a term of five years, which may be renewed.

Goals

The World Bank Group’s mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world. It provides long term loans, grants, and technical assistance to help developing countries implement their poverty reduction strategies. As such, World Bank financing is used in many different areas, from reforms in health and education to environmental and infrastructure projects, including dams, roads, and national parks. In addition to financing, the World Bank Group provides advice and assistance to developing countries on almost every aspect of economic development.

Since 1996, with the appointment of James Wolfensohn as Bank President, the World Bank Group has been focused on combating corruption in the countries that it works in. This is outlined in the World Bank report ‘Helping countries combat corruption: progress at the World Bank since 1997. This has been seen by some observers as a potential conflict with Article 10 Section 10 of the World Bank’s Articles of Agreement which outlines the ‘non-political’ mandate of the Bank1. The World Bank’s view is that reduced corruption and improved governance are not so much political as economic goals and are crucial for sustainable development and poverty reduction («Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004», D. Kaufmann, A. Kraay, M. Mastruzzi (World Bank 2005))

In recent years the World Bank Group has been moving from targeting economic growth in aggregate, to aiming specifically at poverty reduction. It has also become more focused on support for small scale local enterprises. It has embraced the idea that clean water, education, and sustainable development are essential to economic growth and has begun investing heavily in such projects. In response to external critics, the World Bank Group’s institutions have adopted a wide range of environmental and social safeguard policies, designed to ensure that their projects do not harm individuals or groups in client countries. Despite these policies, World Bank Group projects are frequently criticized by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for alleged environmental and social damage and for not achieving their intended goal of poverty reduction.

Criticism

Although relied upon by poor countries as a contributor of development finance, the World Bank is often criticized, primarily by opponents of corporate «neo-colonial» globalization. These advocates of alter-globalization fault the bank for undermining the national sovereignty of recipient countries through various structural adjustment programs that pursue economic liberalization and de-emphasize the role of the state.

A related critique is that the Bank operates under essentially «neo-liberal» principles. In this perspective, reforms born of «neo-liberal» inspiration are not always suitable for nations experiencing conflicts (ethnic wars, border conflicts, etc.), or that are long-oppressed (dictatorship or colonialism) and do not have stable, democratic political systems.

One general critique is that the Bank is under the marked political influence of certain countries (notably, the United States) that would profit from advancing their interests. In this point of view, the World Bank would favor the installation of foreign enterprises, to the detriment of the development of the local economy and the people living in that country.

Furthermore, it is frequently suggested that the Bank intervenes in order to salvage irresponsible loans from private institutions to third world governments (and which are also often corrupt and non-representative), and thus shifts the risk from the original risk-takers to the public of the rich countries, who ultimately must back the Bank.

John Perkins in Confessions of an Economic Hit Man sees the World Bank as an instrument of American imperial policy, providing loans to developing countries for projects that benefit a bribed ruling elite as well as American companies and making such countries subject to American influence and pressure.

Evaluation at the World Bank

Social and environmental concerns. Throughout the period from 1972 to 1989, the Bank did not conduct its own environmental assessments and did not require assessments for every project that was proposed. Assessments were required only for a varying, small percentage of projects, with the environmental staff, in the early 1970s, sending check-off forms to the borrowers and, in the latter part of the period, sending more detailed documentation and suggestions for analysis.

During this same period, the Bank’s failure to adequately consider social environmental factors was most evident in the 1974 Indonesian Transmigration program (Transmigration V). This project was funded after the establishment of the Bank’s OESA (environmental) office in 1971. According to the Bank critic Le Prestre, Transmigration V was the “largest resettlement program ever attempted. designed ultimately to transfer, over a period of twenty years, 65 million of the nation’s 165 million inhabitants from the overcrowded islands of Java, Bali, Madura, and Lombok. ”. The objectives were: relief of the economic and social problems of the inner islands, reduction of unemployment on Java, relocation of manpower to the outer islands, the “strengthening of national unity through ethnic integration, and improvement of the living standard of the poor”.

Putting aside the possibly Machiavellian politics of such a project, it otherwise failed as the new settlements went out of control; local populations fought with the migrators and the tropical forest was devastated (destroying the lives of indigenous peoples). Also, “some settlements were established in inhospitable sites, and failures were common;” these concerns were noted by the Bank’s environmental unit whose recommendations (to Bank management) and analyses were ignored. Funding continued through 1987, despite the problems noted and despite the Bank’s published stipulations (1982) concerning the treatment of groups to be resettled.

More recent authors have pointed out that the World Bank learned from the mistakes of projects such as Transmigration V and greatly improved its social and environmental controls, especially during the 1990s. It has established a set of «Safeguard Policies» that set out wide ranging basic criteria that projects must meet to be acceptable. The policies are demanding, and as Mallaby (reference below) observes: «Because of the combined pressures from Northern NGOs and shareholders, the Bank’s project managers labor under «safeguard» rules covering ten sensitives issues. no other development lender is hamstrung in this way» (page 389). The ten policies cover: Environmental Assessment, Natural Habitats, Forests, Pest Management, Cultural Property, Involuntary Resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, Safety of Dams, Disputed Areas, and International Waterways.

The Independent Evaluation Group. The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) (formerly known as the Operations Evaluation Department (OED)) plays an important check and balance role in the World Bank. Similar in its role to the US Government’s Government Accountability Office (GAO), it is an independent unit of the World Bank that reports evaluation findings directly to the Bank’s Board of Executive Directors. IEG evaluations provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank’s work, and accountability of World Bank management to the member countries (through the World Bank Board) in the achievement of its objectives.

Impact Evaluations. In recent years there has been an increased focus on measuring results of World Bank development assistance through impact evaluations. An impact evaluation assesses the changes in the well-being of individuals that can be attributed to a particular project, program or policy. Impact evaluations demand a substantial amount of information, time and resources. Therefore, it is important to select carefully the public actions that will be evaluated. One of the important considerations that could govern the selection of interventions (whether they be projects, programs or policies) for impact evaluation is the potential of evaluation results for learning. In general, it is best to evaluate interventions that maximize the learning from current poverty reduction efforts and provide insights for midcourse correction, as necessary.

The world bank

The 2022 update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), with data through 2021, will be available on Friday September 23

These aggregate indicators combine the views of a large number of enterprise, citizen and expert survey respondents in industrial and developing countries. They are based on over 30 individual data sources produced by a variety of survey institutes, think tanks, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private sector firms.

What is Governance?
Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised. This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.

The WGI are produced by:

World Bank Group Archives

The Archives preserves the institutional memory of the World Bank Group and provides public access to records of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).

Planting the Seeds of Social Development

In the second installment of our Development Reflections Series, former World Bank Group staff member Dr. Maritta Koch-Weser reflects on the emergence of social development in the World Bank Group’s work and her contributions as one of the Bank’s first social scientists.

A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness

In March 1972, World Bank Group President Robert S. McNamara travelled to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) to see first-hand the devastation wrought by onchocerciasis, or river blindness. Soon after, the Bank Group and its partners created the Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) which was the Bank Group’s first foray into the health sector.

Ms. Thelma D. Jones: Model, Spirit of Volunteerism

In this article, her third contribution in a series that celebrates Black History Month, World Bank Group archivist Bertha F. Wilson highlights former Bank Group staff member Thelma D. Jones. Jones has a long history of commitment to volunteerism and passion for creating opportunities for others.

WBG Archives Featured on EABH Podcast

WBG Archives Manager April Miller joined the European Association for Banking and Financial History (EABH) podcast to discuss how the World Bank Group has evolved over time and what makes the Bank’s Archives unique. Take a listen!

A Conversation: Robert S. McNamara at the World Bank

On February 15th, Olivier Lafourcade, former personal assistant to WBG President Robert S. McNamara, joined moderator John Heath to discuss a new book on McNamara authored by McNamara’s former assistants. Learn more about the publication and watch a video recording of the event.

WBG Archives Reading Room Closed until Further Notice

Due to the COVID-19 public health emergency, the World Bank Group Archives Reading Room will be closed to external visitors until further notice. The Archives will continue to respond to Access to Information requests during this time.

The World Bank

Its Purpose, History, Duties, and Mission

Kimberly Amadeo is an expert on U.S. and world economies and investing, with over 20 years of experience in economic analysis and business strategy. She is the President of the economic website World Money Watch. As a writer for The Balance, Kimberly provides insight on the state of the present-day economy, as well as past events that have had a lasting impact.

Erika Rasure, is the Founder of Crypto Goddess, the first learning community curated for women to learn how to invest their money—and themselves—in crypto, blockchain, and the future of finance and digital assets. She is a financial therapist and is globally-recognized as a leading personal finance and cryptocurrency subject matter expert and educator.

The World Bank is not a bank in the conventional sense of the word. Instead, it consists of two organizations. One is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which provides loans, credit, and grants. The second is the International Development Association, which provides low- or no-interest loans and grants to low-income countries.

The Bank works closely with three other organizations in the World Bank Group:

The Bank’s 189 member countries share ownership. The United States has a controlling voting interest.

World Bank Purpose and Function

The World Bank provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants. It focuses on improving education, health, and infrastructure. It also uses funds to modernize a country’s financial sector, agriculture, and natural resources management.

The Bank’s stated purpose is to «bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.» It does this by turning «rich country resources into poor country growth.» It has a long-term vision to «achieve sustainable poverty reduction.»

To achieve this goal, the Bank focuses on several areas:

The Head of the World Bank Group

On February 6, 2019, President Donald Trump nominated David Malpass to be president of the World Bank. He was undersecretary of the U.S. Treasury Department for international affairs. Malpass had criticized bank lending to China but needed the support of China and Japan, who are the top two World Bank shareholders after the United States. He was officially approved on April 9, 2019.

The World Bank president reports to a 25-member Board of Executive Directors. Among the contributing countries are France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The person nominated by the president of the United States has been selected the World Bank president since its founding. The voting power of the United States is 15.62%, making it the largest shareholder. Many members complain that the Bank represents the interests of the developed world and not the poor countries it assists.

Jim Yong Kim, M.D., Ph.D., was president from 2012 to 2019. He resigned on February 1, 2019, three years before his term ended, to join Global Infrastructure Partners, a private equity fund. Prior to his time with The World Bank, Dr. Kim had been the president of Dartmouth College and advocated for improved health service.

Robert Zoellick was president from 2007 to 2012. During President George H.W. Bush’s administration, Zoellick served with Secretary of State James Baker, III, as Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs. Zoellick held executive positions in Fannie Mae from 1993 to 1997 and the Office of Trade Representative from 2001 to 2005. From there, he went to the State Department in 2005 until 2006 and then on to Goldman Sachs from 2006 to 2007.

The Bank has thousands of employees from over 170 countries.

The World Bank Fights Climate Change

Statistics and Reports

The World Bank provides a wealth of downloadable data for more than 200 countries. In 2010, the Bank launched an Open Data website, which provides free access to hundreds of major indicators, including:

The Bank analyzes development issues in depth, including the annual World Development Report. Its research reports examine global trends in trade, financial flows, and commodity prices, along with their impact on developing countries. The Bank also publishes the World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance. It provides the Little Data Book, Little Green Data Book, and The World Bank Atlas.

History of The Word Bank

The 1944 Bretton Woods Conference established The World Bank. Its loans helped European countries rebuild after World War II. That made it the world’s first multilateral development bank.

It was funded through the sale of bonds. Its first loans were to France and other European countries. Since then, the Bank has worked with developing countries such as India and China on projects that include rail.

World Bank lending became controversial. Many countries used their loans to prevent a sovereign debt default. That debt was often a result of overspending and extensive borrowing. Even with the World Bank’s help, many countries devalued their currencies, which caused hyperinflation.

To combat this, the Bank required austerity measures. Borrowing countries had to agree to cut back on spending and support their currency. Unfortunately, this usually caused a recession, making it difficult to repay the Bank’s loans.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who owns the World Bank?

The World Bank’s members own the organization, but they don’t all have equal authority. The World Bank consists of four smaller organizations, and each one uses a unique calculation to allocate voting shares to member nations. Members add together their shares from each organization to wield their total influence at the World Bank. Members can also essentially purchase more votes by directly buying capital stock in the World Bank.

How did the Marshall Plan assist the World Bank?

The World Bank’s first projects were loans to European nations in the wake of World War II. In 1947, the Marshall Plan took over many of the European reconstruction efforts. It freed up the World Bank’s resources to focus on other parts of the world.

World Bank

What Is the World Bank?

The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. The bank predominantly acts as an organization that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle- and low-income countries.

Key Takeaways

Understanding the World Bank

The World Bank is a provider of financial and technical assistance to individual countries around the globe. The bank considers itself a unique financial institution that sets up partnerships to reduce poverty and support economic development.

The World Bank supplies qualifying governments with low-interest loans, zero-interest credits, and grants, all to support the development of individual economies. Debt borrowings and cash infusions help with global education, healthcare, public administration, infrastructure, and private-sector development. The World Bank also shares information with various entities through policy advice, research and analysis, and technical assistance. It offers advice and training for both the public and private sectors.

Examples of What the World Bank Does

The World Bank provides financing, advice, and other resources to developing countries in the areas of education, public safety, health, and other areas of need. Often, nations, organizations, and other institutions partner with the World Bank to sponsor development projects.

Human Capital Project

In 2017, the World Bank created the Human Capital Project, which seeks to help countries invest in and develop their people to be productive citizens and active contributors to their economy. World leaders are urged to prioritize investments in education, healthcare, and social protections, and, in return, they will realize a stronger economy full of healthy, thriving adults.

The Human Capital project outlines how governments should invest in providing quality, affordable childcare to support and improve child development, increase women’s access to better employment opportunities, and increase economic growth, to name a few.

To build human capital globally, the World Bank has identified several areas of focus: the Human Capital Index (HCI), measurement and research, and country engagement.

Created in October 2018, the Human Capital Index summarizes a nation’s investments in its human capital, specifically concerning health and education. The index is used to identify what is lost from the lack of investments in human capital; it also prompts leaders to think of how to remedy these deficiencies.

Beyond analyzing human capital, the World Bank measures the effectiveness of a nation’s educational and healthcare systems. Doing so helps them identify what should be continued and what should be changed. It can also give insight on where to allocate resources.

Country engagement requires a country to take a «whole government» approach to addressing factors that compromise human capital. The nation, its leaders, and influencers band together to champion reducing poverty and increasing shared prosperity.

National Immunization Support Project

The project consists of five components that are designed to enhance the country’s vaccine distribution to the most vulnerable. The first component creates a governance structure and addresses logistics, monitoring, and evaluation systems. The second component involves performance planning and the alignment of skilled human resources.

The third component increases the awareness of and promotes the program among Pakistan’s citizens, as well as addresses how their schools’ curriculum aligns with this initiative. The fourth component makes it possible to obtain the necessary equipment to widely distribute vaccines and increase the supply chain for vaccines. Lastly, the fifth component includes being able to expand the program’s reach and enhance research and development in this field.

Learning for the Future

The Learning for the Future project was created to enhance children’s readiness for school and the effectiveness of secondary instruction in specific Kyrgyz Republic communities. The project consists of two components: increasing the equitable access of early childhood education and improving the effectiveness of instruction in secondary education.

To meet these objectives, the program establishes 500 community-based kindergarten programs, which will allow for the enrollment of 20,000 children. To increase the effectiveness of instruction, the project finances a training program for 500 new teachers and provides digital resources to complement existing learning resources (e.g., textbooks). The project also assesses how well students learn, cognitively and non-cognitively.

World Bank Financials

The World Bank is an organization, rather than a bank. Therefore, its financials are not comparable to traditional financial institutions.

Within the organization operates different sectors: the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

History of the World Bank

The World Bank was created in 1944 out of the Bretton Woods Agreement, which was secured under the auspices of the United Nations in the latter days of World War II. The Bretton Woods Agreement included several components: a collective international monetary system, the formation of the World Bank, and the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Since their founding, both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have worked toward many of the same goals. The original goals of both the World Bank and IMF were to support European and Asian countries needing financing to fund post-war reconstruction efforts.

Both the World Bank and IMF outlasted the collective international monetary system which was central to the Bretton Woods Agreement. President Nixon halted the Bretton Woods international monetary system in the 1970s. However, the World Bank and IMF remained open and continued to thrive on providing worldwide aid.

The World Bank and IMF are headquartered in Washington, D.C. The World Bank has staff in more than 170 offices worldwide.

Though titled as a bank, the World Bank, is not necessarily a bank in the traditional, chartered meanings of the word. The World Bank and its subsidiary groups operate within their own provisions and develop their own proprietary financial assistance products, all with the same goal of serving countries’ capital needs internationally.

The World Bank’s counterpart, the IMF, is structured more like a credit fund. The differing in the structuring of the two entities and their product offerings allows them to provide different types of financial lending and financing support. Each entity also has several of its own distinct responsibilities for serving the global economy.

World Banks

Through the years, the World Bank has expanded from a single institution to a group of five unique and cooperative institutional organizations, known as the World Banks or collectively as the World Bank Group. The first organization is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), an institution that provides debt financing to governments that are considered middle income. The second organization within the World Bank Group is the International Development Association (IDA), a group that gives interest-free loans to the governments of poor countries.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the third organization, focuses on the private sector and provides developing countries with investment financing and financial advisory services. The fourth part of the World Bank Group is the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), an organization that promotes foreign direct investments in developing countries. The fifth organization is the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), an entity that provides arbitration on international investment disputes.

World Bank FAQs

What Is the Purpose of the World Bank?

The World Bank is an organization that provides funds, advice, and research to developing nations to help advance their economy and combat poverty.

Who Owns the World Bank?

No person, organization, government, or nation owns the World Bank. It is an organization made up of member countries, represented by a Board of Governors. This Board governs the organization, creates policies, and appoints executive directors. The executive directors govern the Bank’s business and budget, and grant loan approvals. The president and managers manage the day-to-day operations.

Where Does the World Bank Get Its Money?

The World Bank receives funding from wealthy nations and from the issuance of debt securities, such as bonds.

Which Country Is the World Bank In?

The World Bank is headquartered in Washington D.C.; however, it has locations in more than 170 countries, including Benin, Argentina, and China.

Who Is the CEO of the World Bank?

The World Bank is led by President David Malpass. The organization’s Board of Directors is comprised of four separate Boards, one for each division of the World Bank. Each Board oversees the operations of their respective sector. For example, the Board for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) oversees the operations for that segment, and the Board for the International Development Agency (IDA) oversees the operations for that segment.

Overview

The World Bank’s Policy on Access to Information has enabled the organization to become a global leader in transparency and has made a groundbreaking change in how the World Bank makes information available to the public. Now the public has access to more information than ever before—information about projects under preparation, projects under implementation, analytic and advisory activities, and Board proceedings.

Underlying the policy is the principle that the World Bank (namely the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association) will disclose any information in its possession that is not on its list of exceptions.

The policy also outlines a clear process for making information publicly available and provides a right to appeal if information-seekers believe they were improperly or unreasonably denied access to information or there is a public interest case to override an exception that restricts access to certain information.

Access to Information Brochure
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How has the policy changed?

Over the past 20 years, the World Bank’s policy on disclosing information has gradually evolved. Before the adoption of the Policy on Access to Information, the World Bank’s approach had been to spell out what documents the World Bank discloses.

The World Bank’s Policy on Access to Information, which became effective on July 1, 2010, was a pivotal shift in the World Bank’s approach to making information available to the public. For more information see the Evolution of the World Bank’s Disclosure Policies.

The World Bank in Georgia

To achieve a green, resilient and inclusive recovery, Georgia is focused on boosting competitiveness, human capital, institutions and infrastructure, connectivity and regional integration, innovation and digital transformation.

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Monthly Economic Update

Growth reached 7.2 year on year in June, while average annual inflation remained stable at 12.9 percent year on year.

Georgia’s «Transparency Oscars»

Georgia’s Best Annual Reporting Transparency Awards are generating real impact on the country’s business culture.

Gender Gaps Stymying Economic Potential

While Georgia has made efforts to enhance legal protections and inclusion, obstacles remain.

Georgia At-A-Glance

Georgia’s economy grew by 2.7% in 2016, driven by construction and other non-tradables. Net exports declined mainly because of the slow adjustment of imports and continued decline in exports. Growth was supported primarily by investment that exceeded 30% of GDP in 2016. Meanwhile, tourism-related services performed well, as tourist arrivals from abroad increased significantly.

The World Bank in Africa

Growth in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to stall in 2022, dropping from 4% to 3.6%. The slowdown reflects short-term disruptions including global economy slowdown and persistence of health, financial, food and political crises effects.

66 million are food insecure in eastern and southern Africa

Here is what the WBG is doing about it

Africa Fellowship Program

A new Africa Fellowship Program is now open and accepting applications.

COVID-19 Vaccination Journey

Countries

Home At-A-Glance

Sub-Saharan Africa, home to more than 1 billion people, half of whom will be under 25 years old by 2050, is a diverse continent offering human and natural resources that have the potential to yield inclusive growth and wipe out poverty in the region, enabling Africans across the continent to live healthier and more prosperous lives. With the world’s largest free trade area and a 1.2 billion-person market.

Что такое Всемирный банк. Объясняем простыми словами

Всемирный банк — международная финансовая организация, созданная для организации финансовой и технической помощи развивающимся странам.

Изначально под Всемирным банком понимался только Международный банк реконструкции и развития, который был создан для восстановления Европы и Японии после Второй мировой войны, но сейчас в структуру Всемирного банка входят пять крупных подразделений:

Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР) — основное кредитное учреждение Всемирного банка, предоставляющее странам со средним уровнем доходов и кредитоспособным с низким уровнем кредиты и кредитные гарантии, а также занимающееся аналитическими и консультационными услугами.

Международная финансовая корпорация (МФК) — стимулирует развитие частного сектора в развивающихся странах с переходной экономикой за счёт кредитов и прямых инвестиций в капитал компаний. Корпорация привлекает других инвесторов для участия в своих проектах. Также МФК предоставляет техническую помощь, консультационные услуги. В отличии от МБРР и МАР, кредиты предоставляются на рыночных условиях и не требуют правительственных гарантий.

Многостороннее агентство по гарантиям инвестиций (МАГИ) — содействует направлению прямых иностранных инвестиций в развивающиеся страны, дополняя деятельность МБРР, МФК и других международных финансовых организаций. МАГИ предоставляет частным инвесторам гарантии от политических рисков сроком до 20 лет.

Также в структуре Всемирного банка есть Международный центр по урегулированию инвестиционных споров, деятельность которого направлена на обеспечение правовых возможностей для примирения сторон в международных инвестиционных спорах.

Пример употребления на «Секрете»:

«После того как в июне 2020 года сообщили о нарушениях в рейтингах Doing Business за 2018 и 2020 годы, руководство Всемирного банка приостановило выпуск следующего отчёта и запустило серию проверок и аудитов методологии рейтинга. Кроме того, поскольку отчёты затрагивали этические вопросы, включая поведение бывших должностных лиц совета Банка, а также нынешних и/или бывших сотрудников организации, руководство передало вопросы на рассмотрение контролирующим органам ВБ».

(Из заявления Всемирного банка о прекращении выпуска рейтинга Doing Buiness.

Нюансы

Всемирный банк представляет собой акционерное общество, где акционеры — страны-участницы. Сейчас их 189. Количество голосов страны зависит от доли в капитале банка. Акционеры представлены советом управляющих, который фактически является высшим органом, принимающим решения. Совет управляющих проводит совещания раз в год.

Конкретные полномочия по управлению банком в период между заседаниями переданы 25 исполнительным директорам, которые работают в штаб-квартире Всемирного банка в Вашингтоне. Они образуют совет директоров, возглавляемый президентом банка. Пять из них представляют конкретные страны — США, Японию, Германию, Францию, Великобританию. Остальные 20 — группы стран.

История

Всемирный банк и Международный валютный фонд — крупнейшие финансовые организации, которые было решено создать по итогам Бреттон-Вудской конференции в 1944 году.

Советский Союз являлся одним из активных участников конференции, однако отказался от участия в деятельности Всемирного банка и МВФ, так как не мог оказывать влияния на принимаемые решения. Россия стала акционером Всемирного банка в 1992 году.

Всемирный банк выпускает множество аналитических материалов об экономике разных стран. Благодаря этому мы, в частности, знаем основных должников России, на сколько лет Россия отстаёт от развитых стран и как жалобы москвичей на дороги помогли карьере Собянина.

Trade

Trade is an engine of growth that creates jobs, reduces poverty and increases economic opportunity. The World Bank Group helps its client countries improve their access to developed country markets and enhance their participation in the world economy.

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Trade Facilitation in Tonga

Public-private collaboration facilitates the import of vaccines in Tonga

African Continental Free Trade Area

Leveraging trade and foreign direct investment to boost growth and reduce poverty

Trade & Health

Stronger Trade for Better Health

Trade At-A-Glance

Trade is an engine of growth that creates jobs, reduces poverty and increases economic opportunity. Over one billion people have moved out of poverty because of economic growth underpinned by open trade since 1990. The World Bank Group supports an open, rules-based, predictable, international trading system.

Governance

The Governance Global Practice supports client countries to help them build capable, efficient, open, inclusive, and accountable institutions.

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Future of Government

The Future of Government is an exciting initiative, a call to action to make governments a greater force for good.

Corruption, Capture and Fragile Contexts

The World Bank drew attention to challenges, complexities and consequences of corruption in fragile settings a panel discussion.

Climate Change Governance

Effective climate change governance institutions help countries achieve their climate goals.

Governance At-A-Glance

More than half of the global population expresses distrust in government institutions. The most recent World Bank Group Surveys with opinion leaders in our client countries confirm that addressing governance is now at the top of countries’ policy

IDA18: Governance and Institutions

Middle East and North Africa

The World Bank works with countries in the Middle East and North Africa to eliminate poverty and promote shared prosperity through strengthening human capital, supporting jobs and economic transformation, advancing gender equity, addressing fragility, and enabling green growth.

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Supporting Human Capital In Yemen

US$150 million in grants for the second phase of the Yemen Emergency Human Capital Project.

Support to Middle East and North Africa exceeds US$5 billion

World Bank commitments are helping countries across the Middle East & North Africa as they deal with multiple, overlapping crises.

Egypt: Food and nutrition security

US$500 million will help cushion the impact of the war in Ukraine on food security in Egypt

Countries

The Region At-A-Glance

The Middle East and North Africa region is in turmoil. Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen are in civil war, causing untold damage to human lives and physical infrastructure. Fifteen million people have fled their homes, many to fragile or economically strapped countries such as Jordan, Lebanon, Djibouti and Tunisia, giving rise to the biggest refugee crisis since World War II.

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The World Bank In Lebanon

For nearly 18 months now, Lebanon has been assailed by compounded crises—specifically, an economic and financial crisis, followed by COVID-19 and, lastly, the explosion at the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020.

Overview

For nearly two years now, Lebanon has been assailed by compounded crises—specifically, an economic and financial crisis, followed by COVID-19 and, lastly, the explosion at the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020.

Of the three, the economic crisis has had by far the largest (and most persistent) negative impact. The Spring 2021 Lebanon Economic Monitor finds that Lebanon economic and financial crisis is likely to rank in the top 10, possibly top three, most severe crises episodes globally since the mid-nineteenth century. In fact, Lebanon’s GDP plummeted from about US$55 billion in 2018 to a projected US$20.5 billion in 2021, while real GDP per capita fell by 37.1 percent. Such a brutal contraction is usually associated with conflicts or wars.

The banking sector, which informally adopted strict capital controls, has ceased lending and does not attract deposits. Instead, it endures in a segmented payment system that distinguishes between older (pre‐October 2019) dollar deposits and minimum new inflows of “fresh dollars.” The former is subject to sharp deleveraging through de facto lirafication and haircuts (up to 85% on dollar deposits). The burden of the ongoing adjustment and deleveraging is highly regressive, falling hardest on smaller depositors and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The Lebanese lira (LBP) continues to lose value as inflation rates remain in the triple digits. Inflationary effects are highly regressive factors, disproportionately affecting the poor and middle class. The social impact, already dire, could become catastrophic; more than half the country’s population is likely below the poverty line. Like poverty, unemployment is on the rise. Lebanon has witnessed a dramatic collapse in basic services, driven by depleting foreign exchange (FX) reserves and the high cost of the FX import subsidies on food, fuel and medication. Acute shortages of fuel have led to severe electricity blackouts across the country, Further, medication is in severe shortage, while health services have suffered heavily.

Lebanon has also been dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic through intermittent lockdowns and other measures to mitigate the impact of the virus both on people and the already weak health system. Vaccination, launched on February 14 with initial financing from the World Bank, is progressing according to the National COVID-19 Deployment and Vaccination Plan. This aims to vaccinate 70% of the total population, citizens and non-citizens in a multi-phase rollout by the end of 2022. Efforts are underway to expand COVID-19 vaccination coverage and support vaccination deployment.

Beyond the human tragedy, the impact of the Port of Beirut explosion has had implications at the national level, despite its geographical concentration. These add to Lebanon’s long-term structural vulnerabilities, which include low-grade infrastructure—a dysfunctional electricity sector, water supply shortages, and inadequate solid waste and wastewater management—as well as weak public financial management, large macroeconomic imbalances, and deteriorating social indicators.

Immediately after the explosion, the World Bank Group, in cooperation with the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), launched a Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) to estimate the impact of the blast on residents, physical assets, infrastructure and service delivery. The RDNA followed a “whole of Lebanon approach,” engaging public authorities, institutions and civil society organizations. The assessment found the value of damage was in the range of US$3.8 to US$4.6 billion, with losses to financial flows of US$2.9 to US$3.5 billion. The impact has been particularly severe in key sectors vital for growth, including finance, housing, tourism and commerce. Through to the end of 2021, the costs of recovery and reconstruction are expected to total US$1.8 to US$2.2 billion.

Building on the recommendations of the RDNA, in December 2020 the World Bank Group, EU and UN launched the Reform, Recovery and Reconstruction Framework (3RF) to address Lebanon’s immediate- and short-term needs. The 3RF outlines a costed, prioritized framework of actions needed to support recovery and reconstruction in Lebanon. Its aim is to “build back better” by adopting an integrated approach focused on people-centered recovery and preparing the ground for medium-term reconstruction, and on initiating key structural reforms based on the principles of transparency, inclusion, and accountability.

The Lebanon Financing Facility (LFF) was formally established on December 18, 2020 to kickstart the immediate socio-economic recovery of vulnerable populations and businesses affected by the explosion, and to support the Government of Lebanon in catalyzing reforms and preparing for medium-term recovery and reconstruction. The LFF will provide an important means to pool grant resources and strengthen the coherence and coordination of financing, in alignment with 3RF priorities. It will adopt flexible implementation modalities and strong fiduciary monitoring and oversight.

Building a better Lebanon requires swift and decisive action, particularly on reform. In the immediate term, Lebanon needs to adopt and implement a credible, comprehensive and coordinated macro-financial stability strategy within a medium-term, macro-fiscal framework. This strategy would be based on: (i) a debt restructuring program aimed at achieving debt sustainability over the medium-term; (ii) comprehensive restructuring of the financial sector toward regaining the solvency of the banking sector; (iii) new monetary policy framework aimed at regaining confidence in the exchange rate and its stability; (iv) phased fiscal adjustment aimed at regaining confidence in fiscal policy; (v) growth enhancing reforms; and (vi) enhanced social protection.

Over the medium-term, Lebanon has to prioritize building better institutions, as well as good governance and a better business environment, alongside physical reconstruction. However, given Lebanon’s state of insolvency (sovereign, banking system) and its lack of sufficient foreign exchange reserves, international aid and private investment will be essential to its recovery. The extent and speed to which aid and investments are mobilized will depend on whether the authorities and the Lebanese Parliament can act swiftly on the much-needed fiscal, financial, social and governance reforms. Without these, recovery and reconstruction cannot be sustainable, and the social and economic situation will continue to worsen.

Last Updated: Oct 17, 2021

The World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework (CPF) (FY17–FY22) for the Lebanese Republic was launched on July 14, 2016. Informed by a broad range of consultations with members of the government, parliament, private sector and civil society, the CPF focused on: (i) scaling up access to and the quality of service delivery; and (ii) expanding economic opportunities and increasing human capital. Within these areas, the Bank Group aimed to help Lebanon mitigate the economic and social impact of the Syria crisis, safeguard its development gains and improve its chances of stability and development. Cross-cutting themes of governance and renewing the social contract were included to help regain the trust of citizens and improve the quality of public services. The CPF mainstreamed gender, particularly through expanding economic opportunities and increasing human capital.

As of October 2021, the World Bank’s total commitment in Lebanon amounts to US$1.62 billion, consisting of 12 active projects (loans and grants) covering a range of sectors, including water, transport, education, health, poverty targeting, social safety nets, environment, and Small and Medium Enterprises. These projects are financed from a variety of sources, including special mechanisms, such as the Global Concessional Financing Facility (GCFF), which is providing financing to help Lebanon mitigate the fallout of the Syrian conflict and the impact of the influx of Syrian refugees, and the Lebanon Financing Facility which is supporting businesses and vulnerable groups impacted by the Port of Beirut explosion. Lebanon has also obtained US$100 million in financing from the International Development Association (IDA), whose funding is normally reserved for Low-Income Countries.

The above program is complemented by a number of Advisory Services and Analytics that aim to provide important economic and social, evidence-based diagnostics, which serve as data platforms to inform project design and stakeholders.

Response to Lebanon’s compounded crises The World Bank has mobilized efforts and resources to help save lives and livelihoods and address the dire conditions and needs of the Lebanese people reeling under the pressure of the multi-faceted crises affecting their country. To that effect, a number of ongoing projects have been restructured:

— Lebanon Health Resilience Project (US$120 million IBRD) was restructured twice in less than a year, with a new component on COVID-19 response activities (US$58 million) to assist in preparedness and response capabilities through the training of health workers and frontline responders, covering the cost of hospital care for COVID-19 patients, and supporting the urgent procurement of goods and equipment to strengthen the capacity of public hospitals and the purchase and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines.

— Innovative Small and Medium Enterprises Project (US$30 million IBRD) was restructured to reallocate US$5.5 million to a new “Emergency Financing Facility ISME COVID-19 Funding Program” that provides financial support to Lebanese firms or research centers that have or could develop the capability to produce the medical supplies, equipment and services needed to fight COVID-19.

In parallel, a new Emergency Crisis and COVID-19 Response Social Safety Net Project-ESSN (US$246 million IBRD) was approved in January 2021 to provide emergency cash transfers and access to social services for extremely poor and vulnerable households, in addition to top-up cash transfer to children between the ages of 13 and 18 years, who may be at risk of dropping out of school. The project will support the development of a comprehensive, national social safety nets system to enable better responses to current and future shocks.

In addition, and based on a request from the Government of Lebanon, the World Bank has been providing Lebanon with technical assistance in the design of a Broad Coverage Cash Transfer (BCCT) Program building on international experience and based on the principles of full transparency and equity. The World Bank technical assistance ensures synchronization and harmonization between the BCCT and the World Bank financed ESSN.

One year after the Port of Beirut explosion, the first LFF financed project was approved: The US$25 million Building Beirut Businesses Back Better Fund (B5) aims to support the recovery of targeted MSEs and ensure the sustainability of eligible MFIs. The B5 will provide grants to approximately 4,300 businesses and/or entrepreneurs, of which 30 percent will be Women Owned or Led businesses. A maximum of 5 eligible MFIs will benefit from the grant support up to their respective market shares.

Three other LFF financed projects are currently in the pipeline under advanced preparation in the areas of social recovery, housing reconstruction and environmental recovery and waste management.

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

IFC’s strategy in Lebanon has been focused on financial markets (including microfinance) to increase access to finance for Micro-, Small- and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Prior to the current crisis, selective investments in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors were underway to help create jobs, as well as intra- and inter-regional investments with Lebanese investors. In addition to the IFC’s Private Public Partnerships (PPP) transaction advisory interventions in the transport and energy sectors, that were underway prior to the crisis, other IFC advisory activities in Lebanon have been aimed at improving the investment climate and introducing innovative approaches that leverage the dynamism of Lebanon’s private sector—in areas such as climate change—through sustainable energy finance, women in banking, corporate governance and MSME development. IFC’s total committed exposure in Lebanon, as of August 31, 2021 totaled US$348 million.

The current macroeconomic challenges and significant risk premiums in the country have resulted in a significant drop in IFC’s exposure, particularly under its Global Trade Finance Program. The largest part of its exposure today remains in the financial sector, followed by the construction and retail sectors.

Given the intensifying financial crisis in Lebanon, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic and the tragic events at the Port of Beirut, IFC has been engaged with IBRD and other International Development Partners in addressing the crisis-related challenges the Lebanese private sector is facing—in part to follow up on the Port of Beirut RDNA and operational progress envisaged for the 3RF and LFF.

IFC continues to provide financial support to Lebanese private sector corporations who are seeking long term finance in large scale cross-border investments that stimulate growth and the creation of new markets. IFC is keen in supporting Government of Lebanon to deliver on its reform agenda to unlock a private sector led growth and is currently working (alongside IBRD and other development partners) with the Government of Lebanon in supporting Lebanon’s recovery agenda by developing solutions to maximize private sector finance in key infrastructure sectors with focus on renewable energy.

IFC is also looking to support the Government of Lebanon implement critical reforms related to investment policy, business operations, governance and access to finance. This is as political instability, corruption, unreliable electricity service, and a lack of access to finance, continue to be the most significant constraints to the Lebanese private sector.

As the World Bank Group strategy in Lebanon continues to foster reforms related to facilitating investor entry and improving investor confidence and retention, IFC anticipates developing upstream and mainstream interventions through its 3.0 strategy, with a focus on creating markets and opportunities in close collaboration with IBRD. In the medium- to long-term, by embarking on the 3RF and the Bank Group’s Maximizing Finance for Development agenda, IFC acknowledges the importance of implementing structural reforms in Lebanon to sustainable development in priority sectors, with the aim of unlocking potential long-term leads in energy, transportation and waste management. With an authorizing environment that has been reinstated, and Lebanon’s economic rescue, and banking sector restructuring plans commencing, IFC is keen in helping expand financial inclusion through (i) development of the financial infrastructure to expand access to finance for individuals and MSMEs (digital finance, microfinance, leasing, insolvency, secured lending, DARP); and (ii) capacity building for private banks.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

MIGA’s outstanding exposure in Lebanon stands at US$35 million and is related to guarantees for an electricity distribution service provider under a PPP contract with the national utility, Electricité du Liban. The project was signed in FY14 and extended for an additional four years in FY18. Prior to the explosion at the Port of Beirut early in August 2020 and the subsequent changes in government, MIGA was working closely with the World Bank, IFC, and multilateral partners to identify projects financed by foreign private investors that would support the recovery of Lebanon’s economy and benefit from MIGA’s risk mitigation instruments. Its sectors of focus included transport, ICT and renewable energy.

In the aftermath of the Port of Beirut tragedy and in response to the COVID-19 crisis, private capital mobilization is critical to Lebanon’s recovery. MIGA continues to explore support for investments aligned with MIGA’s strategic focus on FCV countries, where MIGA can use its Conflict and Fragility Affected Economies Facility. In recent months, many of the political risks that MIGA covers—including sovereign default, currency restrictions and civil disturbances—have come to manifest themselves in Lebanon; therefore, reforms that address these challenges will be important to attract investment from the private sector and enable MIGA to play a greater role in Lebanon’s recovery.

Всемирный банк и его деятельность

В одном ряду с Международным валютным фондом (МВФ) и Банком международных расчетов (БМР) влиятельной мировой организацией является Всемирный банк (World Bank). Что он из себя представляет, кем управляется, каким странам выделяет финансовую помощь и на каких условиях — и чем занимается Всемирный банк в России?

История создания всемирного банка

Организация с наименованием Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР) точно так же, как МВФ, была создана по решению Бреттон-Вудской конференции, посвященной обсуждению экономического устройства нового мира после Второй мировой войны и прошедшей в июле 1944 в США. Можно сказать, что сегодня Всемирный банк это глобальный финансовый и политический инструмент.

В дальнейшем Международный банк активно кредитовал Японию и страны Западной Европы, восстанавливавшие экономики после войны в рамках плана Маршалла. Со временем образовалась Группа Всемирного банка из нескольких организаций, решающих различные задачи. Штаб-квартиры всех организаций расположены в Вашингтоне.

Дальнейшие вехи истории:

Структура Всемирного банка

Группа Всемирного банка

Группу Международного банка (World Bank Group) на сегодня составляют 5 структур:

Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР) — осуществляет финансирование в форме кредитов стран со средним доходом и кредитоспособных государств-членов;

Международный центр по урегулированию инвестиционных споров (МЦУИС) — занимается разрешением споров, связанных с иностранными инвестициями

При этом понятие «Всемирный банк», в отличие от группы, относится только к образующим его МБРР и МАР.

Управление МБРР

Высший орган управления — Совет управляющих, заседающий раз в год в рамках Ежегодных совещаний Международного валютного фонда (МВФ) и Всемирного банка. В Совет управляющих входят по одному представителю от 189 стран-участниц. Количество голосов каждой из них зависит от доли в капитале банка. Следующей иерархической структурой является Координационный комитет:

Текущей деятельностью руководит находящийся в штаб-квартире Совет директоров, 20 из членов которого представляют группы стран-членов, 5 — крупнейших акционеров:

1. США (16.4% акций);

2. Япония (7.9% акций);

3. Германия (4.5% акций);

4. Великобритания (4.3% акций);

5. Франция (4.3% акций)

Председательствует на заседаниях Совета директоров и возглавляет общее руководство банком его президент, который избирается на 5-летний срок Советом управляющих. С 2012 года пост президента занимает повторно избранный в 2017-м Джим Ён Ким — как и все предшественники, гражданин США. Общая численность сотрудников Международного банка почти 12 000 человек, около 60% работают в США.

Членство в организации

Условием членства в МБРР является вхождение страны-участницы в МВФ. В свою очередь, чтобы стать членом любой другой организации Группы Всемирного банка, стране следует прежде войти в МБРР.

Членами Международного банка реконструкции и развития на сегодня являются 189 государств, Международной ассоциации развития — 173.

Цели деятельности и функции МБРР

Основные направления Мирового банка:

МБРР и МАР финансируют проекты в самых разнообразных областях в форме:

Средства банка состоят из капитала, накопленного за много лет и пополняемого взносами стран-членов, а также выручки от продажи облигаций банка.

В прошлом, 2017 году, согласно годовой отчетности банка, МБРР предоставил 17 861 млн. долларов, а МАР — 12 668 млн. В отношении регионов средства распределялись довольно равномерно: в Африку направлено 23% средств (хотя из МАР было выделено 6 623 млн., а из МБРР только 427), в Южную Азию — 18%, в Восточную Азию и Тихоокеанский регион — 17%.

В 2017 финансовом году МБРР привлек сумму, эквивалентную 56 млрд. долл. США, путем выпуска облигаций в 24 валютах. Согласно Standard & Poor’s, облигации имеют высший рейтинг надежности. Следовательно, такие облигации подходят не только для корпораций, но и для традиционно осторожных страховых компаний и пенсионных фондов.

При этом МАР финансируется в значительной степени за счет взносов государств-партнеров из числа развитых государств и стран со средним уровнем дохода. Кроме того, часть денег идет из дохода МБРР. С 2016 года МАР имеет наивысший рейтинг кредитоспособности.

Помимо финансирования проектов государственного и частного секторов организация оказывает развивающимся странам консультационные и аналитические услуги. На официальном сайте банка worldbank.org публикуются данные Всемирного банка по состоянию экономики, образования, здравоохранения и других аспектов развития стран-участниц.

Всемирный банк в России

Россия вступила в четыре из пяти структур Группы Всемирного банка в 1992 году. Доля РФ в капитале МБРР на сегодняшний день составляет 2,98%. В Совете управляющих ВБ страну представляет глава Минэкономразвития Максим Орешкин.

Критика Международного банка

Международный банк часто обвиняют в том же, что и Международный валютный фонд — кредитовании развивающихся стран с навязыванием им определенных ограничений и требованием проведения реформ, загоняющих государства в кредитную кабалу.

Один из VIP-критиков ВБ Нобелевский лауреат-экономист Джозеф Стиглиц, одно время работавший в организации главным экономистом и знающий ее изнутри — доказывает, что программы МБРР не обеспечивают устойчивого развития государств третьего мира. Эксперт отмечает, что пока Россия следовала рекомендациям Мирового банка, в стране упали реальные доходы граждан, а игнорирующий мнение США Китай тем временем добился экономического роста.

Всемирный банк — что это: суть, история, группа и деятельность

Здравствуйте, уважаемые читатели проекта Тюлягин! В прошлых статьях мы уже с вами познакомились с такими международными организациями как ООН, ОПЕК, МВФ, сегодня мы распострим еще один важный современный международный институт — Всемирный Банк. В статье вы узнаете что такое Всемирный Банк, чем он занимается и в чем его суть, также будет рассмотрен его история и группа всемирных банков в его составе.

Содержание статьи:

Что такое Всемирный банк?

Всемирный банк — международная организация, занимающаяся предоставлением финансирования, консультаций и исследований развивающимся странам в целях содействия их экономическому развитию. Банк преимущественно действует как организация, которая пытается бороться с бедностью, предлагая помощь в целях развития странам со средним и низким уровнем доходов.

В настоящее время Всемирный банк поставил две цели, которые он стремится достичь к 2030 году. Первый — положить конец крайней бедности, сократив количество людей, живущих менее чем на 1,90 доллара в день, до уровня менее 3% населения мира. Во-вторых, повысить общее благосостояние за счет увеличения роста доходов в 40% беднейших стран мира.

Суть Всемирного банка

Всемирный банк оказывает финансовую и техническую помощь отдельным странам по всему миру. Банк считает себя уникальным финансовым учреждением, которое устанавливает партнерские отношения для сокращения бедности и поддержки экономического развития.

Всемирный банк предоставляет соответствующим правительствам ссуды под низкие проценты, беспроцентные кредиты и гранты, чтобы поддержать развитие отдельных экономик. Долговые заимствования и денежные вливания помогают в глобальном образовании, здравоохранении, государственном управлении, инфраструктуре и развитии частного сектора. Всемирный банк также обменивается информацией с различными организациями посредством политических рекомендаций, исследований и анализа, а также технической помощи. Он предлагает консультации и обучение как для государственного, так и для частного секторов.

Чем занимается Всемирный банк

Всемирный банк предоставляет финансирование, консультации и другие ресурсы развивающимся странам в сферах образования, общественной безопасности, здравоохранения и других областях, в которых они нуждаются. Часто страны, организации и другие учреждения сотрудничают со Всемирным банком для спонсирования проектов развития.

Человеческий капитал

В 2017 году Всемирный банк создал проект «Человеческий капитал», цель которого — помочь странам инвестировать и развивать своих людей, чтобы они могли стать продуктивными гражданами и вносить активный вклад в свою экономику. Мировым лидерам настоятельно рекомендуется уделять приоритетное внимание инвестициям в образование, здравоохранение и социальную защиту, и, в свою очередь, они получат более сильную экономику, полную здоровых и процветающих взрослых.

Проект «Человеческий капитал» описывает, как правительства должны инвестировать в предоставление качественных и доступных услуг по уходу за детьми, чтобы поддерживать и улучшать развитие детей, расширять доступ женщин к лучшим возможностям трудоустройства и ускорять экономический рост, и это лишь некоторые из них.

Для глобального наращивания человеческого капитала Всемирный банк определил несколько основных направлений: индекс человеческого капитала (ИЧК), измерение и исследования, а также взаимодействие со странами.

Индекс человеческого капитала, созданный в октябре 2018 года, суммирует инвестиции страны в человеческий капитал, особенно в области здравоохранения и образования. Индекс используется для определения того, что теряется из-за недостатка инвестиций в человеческий капитал. Это также побуждает лидеров думать о том, как исправить эти недостатки.

Помимо анализа человеческого капитала, Всемирный банк измеряет эффективность национальных систем образования и здравоохранения. Это помогает им определить, что следует оставить, а что следует изменить. Это также может дать представление о том, где распределять ресурсы.

Взаимодействие со страной требует от страны применения «общегосударственного» подхода к устранению факторов, которые ставят под угрозу человеческий капитал. Нация, ее лидеры и влиятельные лица объединяются, чтобы бороться за сокращение бедности и повышение общего благосостояния.

Национальный проект поддержки иммунизации

В апреле 2016 года Всемирный банк одобрил Национальный проект поддержки иммунизации Пакистана. Этот проект, стоимость которого оценивается в 377,41 миллиона долларов, направлен на увеличение справедливого распределения вакцин среди детей в возрасте от 0 до 23 месяцев.

Проект состоит из пяти компонентов, которые призваны улучшить распределение вакцины среди наиболее уязвимых в стране. Первый компонент создает структуру управления и касается систем логистики, мониторинга и оценки. Второй компонент включает планирование производительности и согласование квалифицированных человеческих ресурсов.

Третий компонент повышает осведомленность о программе и способствует ее продвижению среди граждан Пакистана, а также касается того, как учебные программы их школ соответствуют этой инициативе. Четвертый компонент позволяет получить необходимое оборудование для широкого распространения вакцин и увеличить цепочку поставок вакцин. Наконец, пятый компонент включает возможность расширить охват программы и улучшить исследования и разработки в этой области.

Обучение для будущего

Проект «Обучение для будущего» был создан для повышения готовности детей к школе и повышения эффективности среднего образования в конкретных общинах Киргизии. Проект состоит из двух компонентов: увеличение равного доступа к дошкольному образованию и повышение эффективности обучения в средней школе.

Для достижения этих целей в рамках программы учреждается 500 программ детских садов на базе местных сообществ, в которых учатся 20 000 детей. Для повышения эффективности обучения в рамках проекта финансируется программа обучения 500 новых учителей и предоставляются цифровые ресурсы в дополнение к существующим учебным ресурсам (например, учебникам). Проект также оценивает, насколько хорошо учащиеся учатся, когнитивно и некогнитивно.

История Всемирного банка

Всемирный банк был создан в 1944 году на основании Бреттон-Вудского соглашения, которое было заключено под эгидой Организации Объединенных Наций в последние дни Второй мировой войны. Бреттон-Вудское соглашение включало несколько компонентов: коллективную международную валютную систему, создание Всемирного банка и создание Международного валютного фонда (МВФ).

С момента своего основания и Всемирный банк, и Международный валютный фонд работали над достижением одних и тех же целей. Первоначальные цели как Всемирного банка, так и МВФ заключались в поддержке европейских и азиатских стран, нуждающихся в финансировании для финансирования усилий по послевоенному восстановлению.

И Всемирный банк, и МВФ пережили коллективную международную валютную систему, которая занимала центральное место в Бреттон-Вудском соглашении. Президент США Никсон остановил международную валютную систему Бреттон-Вудса в 1970-х годах. Однако Всемирный банк и МВФ оставались открытыми и продолжали преуспевать в предоставлении помощи по всему миру.

Всемирный банк и МВФ расположены в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. В настоящее время Всемирный банк насчитывает более 10 000 сотрудников в более чем 130 офисах по всему миру.

Всемирный банк, хотя и называется банком, не является банком в традиционном значении этого слова. Всемирный банк и его дочерние группы действуют в рамках своих собственных условий и разрабатывают собственные собственные продукты финансовой помощи, все с той же целью — удовлетворять потребности стран в капитале на международном уровне.

Партнер Всемирного банка, МВФ, больше похож на кредитный фонд. Различная структура этих двух компаний и их продуктовых предложений позволяет им предоставлять различные виды финансового кредитования и финансовой поддержки. У каждой организации также есть несколько отдельных обязанностей по обслуживанию мировой экономики.

Группа Всемирного банка

За прошедшие годы Всемирный банк превратился из одного учреждения в группу из пяти уникальных и сотрудничающих институциональных организаций, известных как Всемирные банки или все вместе как Группа Всемирного банка. Первая организация — это Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР), учреждение, которое предоставляет долговое финансирование правительствам, которые считаются средним доходом. Вторая организация в группе Всемирного банка — это Международная ассоциация развития (МАР), группа, которая предоставляет беспроцентные ссуды правительствам бедных стран.

Международная финансовая корпорация (МФК), третья организация, основное внимание на частный сектор и предоставляет развивающиеся страны финансирования инвестиций и финансовые консультационные услуги. Четвертая часть Группы Всемирного банка — Многостороннее агентство по инвестиционным гарантиям (MIGA), организация, продвигающая прямые иностранные инвестиции в развивающиеся страны. Пятая организация — это Международный центр по урегулированию инвестиционных споров (ICSID), учреждение, которое занимается арбитражем международных инвестиционных споров.

Финансовые показатели Всемирного банка

Всемирный банк — это организация, а не банк. Следовательно, его финансовые показатели несопоставимы с традиционными финансовыми учреждениями.

Внутри организации работают различные секторы: Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР), Международная ассоциация развития (МАР), Международная финансовая корпорация (МФК) и Многостороннее агентство по инвестиционным гарантиям (МИГА).

Больше всего денег — 122 746,71 миллиона долларов — предоставил Всемирный банк Индии.

МБРР, изначальный Всемирный банк, дает взайм деньги кредитоспособным странам с низким или средним доходом. За финансовый год, закончившийся 30 июня 2020 года, чистый процентный доход МБРР составил 2 414 млн долларов США, а распределяемый доход — 1 381 млн долларов США. Отношение капитала к кредитам составило 22,8%.

МАР выдает кредиты или беспроцентные ссуды беднейшим странам. За финансовый год, закончившийся 30 июня 2020 года, Всемирный банк зафиксировал скорректированную чистую прибыль в размере 724 млн долларов и коэффициент развертываемого стратегического капитала (DSC) в размере 35,8%, который представляет собой доступный капитал, деленный на капитал, необходимый для поддержки портфеля.

МФК предоставляет средства и рекомендации частному сектору с целью помочь развивающимся странам оставаться на траектории роста. За финансовый год, закончившийся 30 июня 2020 года, Всемирный банк зафиксировал убыток от чистой прибыли в размере 1 672 млн долларов США и общий убыток по совокупной прибыли в размере 2424 долларов США. Его коэффициент развертываемого стратегического капитала составлял 18%.

Наконец, МИГА направляет инвестиции в беднейшие страны, чтобы помочь сократить бедность и улучшить благосостояние граждан страны. За финансовый год, закончившийся 30 июня 2020 года, Всемирный банк зафиксировал чистую процентную выручку в размере 57 миллионов долларов.

На 2020 финансовый год Всемирный банк распределил 27 975,99 миллиона долларов США в виде займов МБРР, 22 423,69 долларов США в виде беспроцентных займов или кредитов и 7 991,47 миллиона долларов США в виде грантов.

Резюме

Какова цель Всемирного банка?

Всемирный банк — это организация, которая предоставляет средства, консультации и исследования развивающимся странам, чтобы помочь им в развитии их экономики и борьбе с бедностью.

Кому принадлежит Всемирный банк?

Всемирный банк не принадлежит никому, организации, правительству или стране. Это организация, состоящая из стран-членов, представленных Советом управляющих. Совет управляет организацией, определяет политику и назначает исполнительных директоров. Исполнительные директора управляют бизнесом и бюджетом Банка и выдают одобрение кредитов. Президент и менеджеры управляют повседневными операциями.

Где Всемирный банк берет деньги?

Всемирный банк получает финансирование от богатых стран и от выпуска долговых ценных бумаг, таких как облигации.

В какой стране находится Всемирный банк?

Штаб-квартира Всемирного банка находится в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, однако у него есть представительства в более чем 130 странах мира.

Кто является главным исполнительным директором Всемирного банка?

Всемирный банк возглавляет президент Дэвид Малпасс. Совет директоров организации состоит из четырех отдельных советов, по одному на каждое подразделение Всемирного банка. Каждый Совет наблюдает за операциями в соответствующем секторе. Например, Совет Международного банка реконструкции и развития (МБРР) наблюдает за операциями в этом сегменте, а Совет Агентства международного развития (МАР) наблюдает за операциями в этом сегменте.

А на этом сегодня все про Всемирный Банк. Надеюсь статья была для вас полезной и интересной. Делитесь статьей в социальных сетях и мессенджерах и добавляйте сайт в закладки. Успехов и до новых встреч на страницах проекта Тюлягин!

World Bank

фр. Banque mondiale
исп. Banco Mundial

В процессе своего развития Всемирный банк претерпевал различные структурные изменения, поэтому под термином Всемирный банк на разных этапах понимались разные организации.

В начале Всемирный банк ассоциировался с Международным банком реконструкции и развития, осуществлявшим финансовую поддержку в восстановлении после Второй мировой войны Западной Европы и Японии. Позднее, в 1960 году, была создана Международная ассоциация развития, которая взяла на себя часть функций, связанных с политикой этого банка.

В настоящее время под Всемирным банком фактически понимают две организации:

В разное время к ним присоединились созданные для решения задач Всемирного банка ещё три организации [5] :

Все пять организаций входят в Группу организаций Всемирного банка и называются Группой Всемирного банка. В отдельных случаях под Всемирным банком по-прежнему понимается Международный банк реконструкции и развития, который до сих пор составляет основу деятельности Всемирного банка.

Содержание

История [ | ]

Советский Союз являлся одним из активных участников Конференции, однако впоследствии отказался от участия в деятельности Международного валютного фонда и Всемирного банка, так как в соответствии с уставом не имел возможности влиять на принимаемые решения — в отличие от Соединённых Штатов Америки.

В 1968—1980 годах деятельность Всемирного банка была направлена на помощь развивающимся странам. Увеличивались объёмы и структура предоставляемых кредитов, охватывая различные отрасли экономики от инфраструктуры до решения социальных вопросов. Руководивший в этот период Всемирным банком Роберт Макнамара привнёс в его деятельность технократический стиль управления, так как имел опыт руководящей работы в качестве министра обороны США и президента компании «Форд». Макнамара создал новую систему предоставления потенциальными странами-заёмщиками информации, что позволяло сокращать время на принятие решения об условиях предоставления кредита.

В 1981 году Макнамару на посту президента Всемирного банка сменил Клаузен [en] по представлению тогдашнего президента США Рональда Рейгана. В этот период финансовая помощь предоставлялась в основном странам третьего мира. Для периода 1980—1989 годов характерной была политика кредитования, направленная на развитие экономик стран третьего мира с тем, чтобы понизить зависимость их от кредитов. Такая политика привела к сокращению кредитов, предоставляемых на решение социальных задач.

С 1989 года политика Всемирного банка претерпела существенные изменения под влиянием критики различных негосударственных организаций, в частности, связанных с охраной окружающей среды. В результате спектр предоставляемых кредитов на различные цели расширился.

Цели и задачи [ | ]

Цели деятельности Всемирного банка — способствовать устойчивой глобализации в интересах всех слоёв населения, сокращению масштабов бедности, ускорению экономического роста без ущерба для окружающей среды, а также создавать для людей новые возможности и вселять в них надежду. Роберт Б. Зеллик, 11-й президент Всемирного банка [8]

Решая глобальные задачи развития человечества, Всемирный банк, используя механизм предоставления кредитов МБРР, кредитует страны со средним уровнем дохода по процентным ставкам, соответствующим уровню рынка этих стран. Другая финансовая организация Всемирного банка МАР кредитует страны с низким уровнем дохода по минимальным процентным ставкам или без процентов.

Виды и направления деятельности [ | ]

Каждые три года Группа Всемирного банка разрабатывает рамочный документ: «Стратегия деятельности Группы Всемирного банка», который используется как основа сотрудничества со страной. Стратегия помогает увязать программы банка как по предоставлению займов, так и аналитических и консультационных услуг, с конкретными целями развития каждой страны-заёмщика. В стратегию входят проекты и программы, которые могут максимально повлиять на решение проблемы бедности и способствовать динамичному социально-экономическому развитию. До подачи на рассмотрение совету директоров Всемирного банка стратегия обсуждается с правительством страны-заемщика и с другими заинтересованными структурами.

Мобилизация денежных средств [ | ]

Ресурсы МАР, которая является крупнейшим в мире источником финансирования беднейших стран мира в виде беспроцентных займов и грантов, пополняются каждые три года 40 странами-донорами. Дополнительные средства МАР получает по мере погашения странами предоставляемых на срок от 35 до 40 лет беспроцентных займов. Эти средства затем вновь используются для предоставления кредитов. На долю МАР приходится почти 40 процентов общего объёма кредитных операций Всемирного банка.

Кредиты [ | ]

Инвестиционные кредиты предоставляются для финансирования производства товаров, работ и услуг в рамках проектов социально-экономического развития в самых различных секторах.

Кредиты на цели развития (раньше называвшиеся кредитами для структурных преобразований) предоставляются путём выделения финансовых ресурсов в целях поддержки политических и институциональных реформ.

Получаемая от заёмщика заявка на финансирование проекта оценивается, с тем чтобы убедиться в том, что данный проект является приемлемым в экономическом, финансовом, социальном и экологическом отношениях. На стадии переговоров по кредиту Банк и заёмщик согласовывают задачи развития, решаемые в рамках проекта, компоненты проекта, ожидаемые результаты, контрольные показатели эффективности реализации проекта и план его реализации, а также график выделения средств займа. Во время реализации проекта Банк наблюдает за использованием средств и оценивает результаты реализации проектов. Три четверти средств непогашенных займов управляются директорами по странам, работающими в постоянных представительствах Банка в государствах-членах. Около 30 процентов персонала Банка работают в постоянных представительствах, которых по всему миру насчитывается почти 100.

Долгосрочные кредиты МАР являются беспроцентными, однако по ним взимается небольшой комиссионный сбор в размере 0,75 процента предоставленных средств. Взимаемый МАР сбор за резервирование средств составляет от нуля до 0,5 процента неиспользованной суммы кредита; в 2006 финансовом году ставка этого сбора была установлена на уровне 0,33 процента. Полную информацию о финансовых продуктах, услугах, процентных ставках и сборах МБРР можно получить на странице Казначейского департамента Всемирного банка. Казначейство руководит всеми осуществляемыми МБРР операциями заимствования и кредитования, а также выполняет функции казначея, обслуживая другие учреждения в составе Группы Всемирного банка.

Гранты [ | ]

Другие услуги [ | ]

Значительная часть усилий также направлена на образовательную деятельность и распространение знаний, помогающих решать проблемы развития страны.

Служба Интернет-трансляций B-SPAN — это Интернет-портал, при помощи которого Всемирный банк проводит семинары и конференции на такие темы, как устойчивое развитие и сокращение масштабов бедности.

Направления (сферы) деятельности [ | ]

Деятельность Всемирного банка охватывает широкую область деятельности:

Управление деятельностью банка [ | ]

Совет директоров обычно проводит свои совещания два раза в неделю и осуществляет общее руководство работой банка, в том числе отвечает за утверждение всех займов и принятие других решений, затрагивающих деятельность Банка:

Президент Всемирного банка (в настоящее время Дэвид Милпасс) председательствует на совещаниях Совета директоров и отвечает за общее руководство деятельностью Банка. По традиции Президентом Всемирного банка становится гражданин США — страны, являющейся крупнейшим акционером Банка. Президент избирается Советом управляющих на пятилетний срок и может быть переизбран. Пять вице-президентов, в том числе три старших вице-президента (англ. Senior Vice-Presidents ) и два исполнительных вице-президента (англ. Executive Vice-Presidents ) отвечают за конкретные регионы, сектора, направления деятельности и выполняют другие конкретные функции. Старший вице-президент — главный экономист Всемирного банка разрабатывает стратегию развития банка.

Президенты Всемирного банка [16] [ | ]

Президент	Сроки работы в должности
Юджин Мейер (Eugene Meyer)	18 июня 1946 — 17 марта 1947
Джон Макклой (John Jay McCloy)	17 марта 1947 — 1 июля 1949
Юджин Р. Блэк (Eugene «Gene» Robert Black, Sr.)	1 июля 1949 — 1 января 1963
Джордж Д. Вудс (George D. Woods)	1 января 1963 — 1 апреля 1968
Роберт С. Макнамара (Robert S. McNamara)	1 апреля 1968 — 1 июля 1981
Элден В. Клозен (Alden W. Clausen)	1 июля 1981 — 1 июля 1986
Барбер В. Конэбл (Barber B. Conable)	1 июля 1986 — 1 сентября 1991
Льюис Т. Престон (Lewis T. Preston)	1 сентября 1991 — 4 мая 1995
Ричард Фрэнк (Richard Frank), и. о.	4 мая 1995 — 1 июня 1995
Джеймс Д. Вулфенсон (James David Wolfensohn)	1 июня 1995 — 1 июня 2005
Пол Вулфовиц (Paul Wolfowitz)	1 июня 2005 — 1 июля 2007
Роберт Зеллик (Robert Zoellick)	1 июля 2007 — 1 июля 2012
Джим Ён Ким (Jim Yong Kim)	1 июля 2012 — 1 февраля 2019
Дэвид Малпасс (David Malpass)	с 5 апреля 2019

Членство [ | ]

Условием членства во Всемирном банке является членство в Международном валютном фонде, то есть каждая страна-член МБРР должна прежде стать членом Международного валютного фонда. Только те страны, которые являются членами МБРР, могут быть членами других организаций, входящих в Группу Всемирного банка.

Страна-участница	Доля, %
США	16,39
Япония	7,86
Германия	4,49
Франция	4,30
Великобритания	4,30
Китай	2,78
Индия	2,78
Италия	2,78

Страна-участница	Доля, %
Канада	2,78
Россия	2,78
Саудовская Аравия	2,78
Нидерланды	2,21
Бразилия	2,07
Бельгия	1,81
Испания	1,75
Швейцария	1,66

Страна-участница	Доля,%
Австралия	1,53
Иран	1,48
Венесуэла	1,27
Мексика	1,18
Аргентина	1,12
Остальные 164 страны	29,90
Всего	100,00

The World Bank

фр. Banque mondiale
исп. Banco Mundial

В настоящее время под Всемирным банком фактически понимают две организации:

В разное время к ним присоединились созданные для решения задач Всемирного банка ещё три организации [5] :

Содержание

История

Цели и задачи

Цели деятельности Всемирного банка — способствовать устойчивой глобализации в интересах всех слоёв населения, сокращению масштабов бедности, ускорению экономического роста без ущерба для окружающей среды, а также создавать для людей новые возможности и вселять в них надежду. Роберт Б. Зеллик, 11-й президент Всемирного банка [8]

Виды и направления деятельности

Мобилизация денежных средств

Кредиты

Гранты

Другие услуги

Направления (сферы) деятельности

Деятельность Всемирного банка охватывает широкую область деятельности:

Управление деятельностью банка

Президенты Всемирного банка [16]

Президент	Сроки работы в должности
Юджин Мейер (Eugene Meyer)	18 июня 1946 — 17 марта 1947
Джон Макклой (John Jay McCloy)	17 марта 1947 — 1 июля 1949
Юджин Р. Блэк (Eugene «Gene» Robert Black, Sr.)	1 июля 1949 — 1 января 1963
Джордж Д. Вудс (George D. Woods)	1 января 1963 — 1 апреля 1968
Роберт С. Макнамара (Robert S. McNamara)	1 апреля 1968 — 1 июля 1981
Элден В. Клозен (Alden W. Clausen)	1 июля 1981 — 1 июля 1986
Барбер В. Конэбл (Barber B. Conable)	1 июля 1986 — 1 сентября 1991
Льюис Т. Престон (Lewis T. Preston)	1 сентября 1991 — 4 мая 1995
Ричард Фрэнк (Richard Frank), и. о.	4 мая 1995 — 1 июня 1995
Джеймс Д. Вулфенсон (James David Wolfensohn)	1 июня 1995 — 1 июня 2005
Пол Вулфовиц (Paul Wolfowitz)	1 июня 2005 — 1 июля 2007
Роберт Зеллик (Robert Zoellick)	1 июля 2007 — 1 июля 2012
Джим Ён Ким (Jim Yong Kim)	1 июля 2012 — 1 февраля 2019
Дэвид Малпасс (David Malpass)	с 5 апреля 2019

Членство

Страна-участница	Доля, %
США	16,39
Япония	7,86
Германия	4,49
Франция	4,30
Великобритания	4,30
Китай	2,78
Индия	2,78
Италия	2,78

Страна-участница	Доля, %
Канада	2,78
Россия	2,78
Саудовская Аравия	2,78
Нидерланды	2,21
Бразилия	2,07
Бельгия	1,81
Испания	1,75
Швейцария	1,66

Страна-участница	Доля,%
Австралия	1,53
Иран	1,48
Венесуэла	1,27
Мексика	1,18
Аргентина	1,12
Остальные 164 страны	29,90
Всего	100,00

The World Bank In Iraq

The World Bank Group mobilizes financial and technical assistance in support of Iraq’s efforts to regain the trust of its citizens by stabilizing its economy, improving governance, and rebuilding of livelihoods. The World Bank works closely with international partners to support economic reforms.

Iraq: Economic Reforms Critical

The new edition of the Iraq Economic Monitor released today, finds that Iraq’s economy grew by 2.8% in 2021.

US$10 million to Enhance Teaching Practices and Improve Learning

The project aims to enhance teaching practices and improve literacy and numeracy skills among primary students.

COVID-19 Vaccine Inequities and Hesitancy in Iraq

Findings suggest a low but increasing vaccination trend among adult Iraqis but also high levels of resistance to the vaccine.

Iraq At-A-Glance

The WBG will develop a two-year Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Iraq. The CPF aims to offer solutions to support Iraq’s transition to a more resilient and inclusive economy and will also support engagement to help de-risk the private sector, mobilize finance for development, and create markets through innovative financing tools and public-private partnerships.

Всемирный банк

Появление Всемирного банка — результат межнациональных соглашений в период Второй мировой войны. Государства, объединившиеся в коалицию против Германии и её союзников, активно обсуждали послевоенное устройство мира. Устойчивая финансовая система и международная монетарная политика становились ключевыми компонентами восстановления стран по завершении активных боевых действий.

После трехнедельных обсуждений на конференции в курортном городе Бреттон-Вудс (штат Нью-Гемпшир, США) в июле 1944-го года было принято решение об учреждении Международного валютного фонда и Международного банка реконструкции и развития, который позднее превратился в структурное подразделение Всемирного банка.

Современная структура Всемирного банка

В официальных документах организация, ставшая правопреемницей образованной в 1944-м году структуры, именуется Группой Всемирно банка (World Bank Group — WBG). В неё входят пять агентств:

В рамках этой структуры банк предоставляет кредиты национальным правительствам стран-членов Международного валютного фонда. Рассмотрение заявок происходит на уровне Совета директоров ВБ в соответствии с несколькими критериями: уровнем наполнения государственного бюджета, среднедушевым доходом граждан, количеством бедных, уровнем безработицы в стране. Учитываются не только актуальные показатели, но и динамика нескольких предыдущих лет. Основными клиентам МБРР становятся страны с низким уровнем национального дохода. В критических ситуациях финансирование получают самые бедные страны с любым кредитным рейтингом.

МАР работает совместно с МБРР, но фокусируется на самых бедных регионах мира. Принцип работы агентства основан на сборе добровольных пожертвований от стран-учредителей. Накопленные средства аккумулируются на счетах организации и предоставляются в виде среднесрочных займов с минимальной процентной ставкой государствам с ВВП, не превышающим две тысячи долларов США в год на душу населения. Все кредиты становятся целевыми — образование, здравоохранение, развитие коммуникаций. ВБ жестко контролирует расходование средств и не допускает их растраты на сторонние проекты.

Международная финансовая корпорация работает по схожим с МАР принципам. Существенным отличием становится происхождение средств, которыми оперируют агентства. IFC опирается на частные капиталы: инвесторы предоставляют корпорации средства в обмен на долевое участие в проектах на территории стран-клиентов. Агентство не требует от авторов инвестиционных заявок государственных гарантий — обратиться за финансовой или консалтинговой помощью могут представители частного бизнеса. IFC самостоятельно принимает финансовые решения, не проводя консультаций с руководящими органами ВБ.

МАГИ работает как агентство, гарантирующее инвесторам возврат денежных средств, вложенных в экономики развивающихся стран. Получатели инвестиций (государства или частные компании) сохраняют гарантии иного рода — им обеспечивается непрерывный поток денежных средств, необходимых для реализации конкретного проекта. Минимальный срок поддержки инвесторов и их заемщиков со стороны МАГИ составляет три года, максимальный — 20 лет.

МЦУИС обслуживает интересы агентств, входящих в Группу Всемирного банка. Ключевая задача Центра по урегулированию инвестиционных споров — примирение инвесторов и заемщиков при возникновении споров в рамках реализуемых проектов. В арбитраж МЦУИС могут обратиться государства или компании, не обладающие кредитами от ВБ, но нуждающиеся в вынесении решения в соответствии с нормами международного права.

Миссия и цели Всемирного банка

Глобализация, развитие технологий и перемены в структуре мировой экономики за 75 лет, прошедших с момента учреждения МБРР, вынудили руководство группы существенно пересмотреть программу её деятельности. Актуальная миссия Всемирного банка соответствует общемировым трендам, направленным на улучшение качества жизни максимально возможного количества людей.

Программным документом стал Годовой отчет Группы Всемирного банка за 2016-й год. В нем впервые упомянута новая миссия международного института, разделенная на две составляющих:

Текущие цели ВБ направлены на реализацию этих инициатив — финансовая и техническая помощь развивающимся странам стимулирует рост их экономик, позволяет создавать новые рабочие места и развивать человеческий потенциал.

Функции Всемирного банка

Набор функций, которые выполняют агентства Группы ВБ, определяется их уставами. В этих документах зафиксированы конкретные меры, доступные руководителям и сотрудникам МБРР, МАР или МАГИ для успешной реализации миссии ВБ.

В общем виде функции подразделений Всемирного банка можно разделить на несколько блоков:

Параллельно Всемирный банк анализирует состояние мировой финансовой системы, формируя индексы инвестиционной привлекательности и надежности национальных экономик. Важным отличием инвестиционных линий ВБ от кредитов МВФ становится их направленность: банк работает с беднейшими странами мира. Получить средства от Международного валютного фонда может любое государство, обладающее членством в организации.

Акционеры и руководство Всемирного банка

ВБ управляется как международная корпорация, акционерами которой становятся все её участники. На конец 2019-го года членами Всемирного банка оставались 189 стран. В ходе принятия решений на общих собраниях Совета управляющих организации каждое государство обладает количеством голосов, которое пропорционально его доле в мировой экономике.

Совет управляющих, формирующий политику Всемирного банка, проводит собрания каждые 12 месяцев. В промежуток между ними текущая деятельность компании осуществляется исполнительными директорами. Они образуют Совет из 25 человек, 5 из которых представляют страны с крупнейшими в мире экономиками.

Президент банка входит в состав Совета директоров. Им, согласно сложившейся традиции, становится гражданин США — страны, обладающей наибольшим экономическим потенциалом в мире. С апреля 2019-го года должность занимает Дэвид Малпасс. Срок полномочий президента ВБ составляет 5 лет, основная задача — руководство организацией в соответствии с принятыми Советом управляющих решениями.

Вице-президенты Всемирного банка отвечают за отдельные мировые регионы: Африку, Южную Азию, Ближний Восток и Северную Африку, Восточную Азию и Тихоокеанский бассейн, Европу и Центральную Азию. Текущее разделение основывается не только на географическом принципе, но и на макроэкономических показателях региональных экономик.

Деятельность Всемирного банка

Активная инвестиционно-кредитная деятельность банка началась в 1980-м году, и по итогам двенадцати месяцев объем полученных странами-акционерам средств составил 11,4 миллиарда долларов США. Первый кредит от ВБ был оформлен правительством Гондураса еще в 1960-м году, но механизмы международной финансовой помощи оставались примитивными. Совет директоров банка не обладал возможностями для обеспечения эффективного использования предоставляемых государствам-партнерам средств.

Основные направления работы ВБ связаны с несколькими сферами, которые формируются целевым кредитованием и проектными инвестициями:

За 2019 год Группа Всемирного банка инвестировала или предоставила в виде кредитов 62,3 миллиарда долларов США. Большая часть этой суммы пришлась на Африку к югу от пустыни Сахара — 18,4 млрд. Так, Мозамбик получил 350 миллионов долларов из чрезвычайного фонда МАР для устранения последствий ураганов в Бейре. Эти средства были использованы для восстановления систем канализации и водопровода, связи, дорог и работы порта — основного источника доходов для населения города.

Критика Всемирного банка

Текущий формат работы ВБ подвергается критике со стороны экономистов, представляющих как развитые, так и развивающиеся страны. Эксперты сходятся в том, что в своей деятельности организация основывается на американском и европейском видении мировых проблем. Этот подход активно используется в Африке и Азии без учета ментальной специфики регионов и их экономических реалий.

Противники глобализации видят во Всемирном банке инструмент для своеобразной колонизации развивающихся стран крупнейшими экономиками мира: бенефициарами инвестиций становятся не жители бедных регионов, а владельцы миллиардных состояний.

Спорными остаются и критерии, по которым Всемирный банк оценивает заявки на получение денежных средств или инвестиций потенциальными заемщиками. Показатели кредитного рейтинга стран от ВБ не всегда совпадает с реальным состоянием их экономики. Часто банк формирует пессимистичный прогноз, на основании которого отказывает в реализации любых проектов.

Заключение

За семь с половиной десятилетий своей деятельности Всемирный банк пережил организационные изменения, несколько глобальных экономических и политических кризисов. Критика этого финансового института становится обоснованной — механизмы предоставления финансовой помощи бедным странам несовершенны.

Следует учитывать и то, что в текущих условиях мировая экономика не может предложить развивающимся государствам никакой альтернативы. Существующая система обладает недостатками, но остается работоспособной. Уместно предположить, что в ближайшие годы Всемирный банк ожидает реорганизация и совершенствование механизмов принятия решений.

UNDERSTANDING POVERTY

We face big challenges to help the world’s poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress.

Open Data

Free and open access to global development data

The pandemic has caused unprecedented reversals in poverty reduction that are exacerbated by rising inflation and the effects of the war in Ukraine. We estimate that these combined crises will lead to an additional 75 million to 95 million people living in extreme poverty in 2022, compared to pre-pandemic projections. Read more

For almost 25 years, extreme poverty was steadily declining. Now, for the first time in a generation, the quest to end poverty has suffered its worst setback. This setback is largely due to major challenges — COVID 19, conflict, and climate change — facing all countries, but in particular those with large poor populations. The increase in extreme poverty from 2019 to 2020 is projected to be larger than any time since the World Bank started tracking poverty globally in a consistent manner. While COVID-19 is a new obstacle, conflicts and climate change have been increasing extreme poverty for years in parts of the world. Explore Data

The World Bank In France

France, a member of the World Bank Group since 1945, supports multilateral efforts aimed at promoting human and economic development, reducing poverty, and promoting prosperity that is shared throughout the world.

Overview

Given their objective of combating poverty throughout the world, France and the World Bank Group are working together to devise development policies that involve a broad range of problem areas, such as conflict prevention, food security, climate change, infrastructure, governance, health, or education, so as to enable millions of individuals in the poorest countries to be vaccinated, to move from place to place on serviceable and secure routes, to have sources of safe drinking water, and to have access to public services. The expertise of the World Bank Group, its knowledge of and capacity for working in all sectors and in all countries, contribute to achieving sustainable human, economic, and social development objectives throughout the world.

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2022

The office for France (in Paris) is responsible for ongoing communications between the World Bank and the local development partners, thereby contributing to improved understanding of its mission and its activities: government representatives, legislators, researchers and academics, members of think tanks, NGO representatives, private sector representatives, international and bilateral institutions, and journalists.

The office promotes relations with French partners by organizing seminars and conferences on development-related issues, answering questions and requests from the media and members of parliament, engaging in consultations with French civil society concerning the policies of the World Bank Group, serving as contact point for addressing queries from the French public and private sectors, providing support for partnerships (co-financing, research, etc.) with the French Development Agency, and for the relevant teams at the time of negotiations on IDA replenishments.

The office also endeavors to increase the opportunities for growing collaboration between France and the World Bank Group through co-financing operations, trust funds, and joint analytical work on sectors and regions of mutual interest.

The World Bank Group at the Paris Office is also represented by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2022

World Bank Governor

Each member country is represented within the World Bank Group by a Governor, who is generally the Finance Minister or the Minister of Development of the country concerned, and whose powers extend in particular to authorizing capital increases, approving financial statements, accepting or electing to suspend new members at the annual meetings. The Governor for France is H.E. Bruno Le Maire, Minister for the Economy and Finance. The Alternate Governor is Mr. Emmanuel Moulin, Director General of the Treasury.

World Bank Executive Director

The Governors Delegate some of their functions to Executive Directors. These individuals meet as needed to decide on the proper response to proposals from the president of the World Bank Group with regard to extending loans and deciding upon policies to guide the general operations of the institution. The executive director for France is Arnaud Buissé. Fabien Bouvet serves as Alternate Executive Director.

Shares and Voting Power

The member countries of the World Bank Group have a given number of shares in the capital of the institution of which they are members; this number of shares determines their voting power when decisions are reached by the Board of Executive Directors.

For the latest voting status, please visit the Voting Powers page.

The World Bank in Uzbekistan

Latest news and information from the World Bank and its development work in Uzbekistan. Access the country data, statistics, project information, research from our experts, and many more.

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Improving Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings

Uzbekistan will invest in better energy efficiency of public buildings with World Bank Support.

Restoring Degraded Lands and Forests

Degraded lands and forests across Uzbekistan to be restored with World Bank Support.

New Country Partnership Framework

World Bank will support 3 objectives to accelerate Uzbekistan’s transition towards an inclusive and sustainable market economy.

Uzbekistan At-A-Glance

After an initial phase of market liberalization, Uzbekistan is moving into a more complex phase of reforms of land, labor, capital markets, and state-owned enterprises. The most significant medium-term challenge will be ensuring reform inclusivity and transparency. To mitigate the economic, social, and health consequences of the pandemic, the Government has been taking anti-crisis policy measures.

The World Bank in Türkiye

Türkiye has quickly adopted measures to help contain the spread of COVID-19 and save lives, whilst providing economic support to affected firms and households. The economic outlook is more uncertain, than usual and will depend on how quickly this unprecedented crisis can be brought under control.

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Türkiye CCDR

Sailing Against the Tide

Türkiye’s economy is likely to expand at a much slower pace this year as global and domestic challenges moderate growth.

Towards a Greener and More Resilient Türkiye

The World Bank is supporting a green transition in Türkiye to help protect people against the impact of climate change.

Türkiye at a Glance

Türkiye’s performance since 2000 has been impressive. Macroeconomic and fiscal stability were at the heart of its performance, enabling increased employment and incomes and making Türkiye an upper-middle-income country. Poverty incidence halved over 2002–12, and extreme poverty fell even faster. During this time, Türkiye urbanized dramatically, opened up to foreign trade and finance.

The World Bank In Bangladesh

Overview

Bangladesh has an impressive track record of growth and development. It has been among the fastest growing economies in the world over the past decade, supported by a demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment (RMG) exports, remittances, and stable macroeconomic conditions. The country made a strong economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Challenges

Bangladesh, like other countries, has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has constrained economic activities and reversed some of the gains achieved in the last decade. Real GDP growth accelerated to 6.9 percent in FY21 as pandemic-related restrictions were eased, led by a rebound of manufacturing and service sector activities. On the demand side, exports and private consumption-led growth. So far, more than 75 percent of the population have been inoculated with the first dose of the vaccine in total. However, its growth faces new headwinds following increasing global commodity prices amid the uncertainty created by the Russia-Ukraine war.

To achieve its vision of attaining upper middle-income status by 2031, Bangladesh needs to create jobs and employment opportunities through a competitive business environment, increased human capital and skilled labor force, efficient infrastructure, and a policy environment that attracts private investments.

Other development priorities include diversifying exports beyond the RMG sector; deepening the financial sector; making urbanization more sustainable and strengthening public institutions. Addressing infrastructure gaps would accelerate growth and reduce spatial disparities in opportunities across regions and within cities. Addressing vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters will help Bangladesh to continue to build resilience to future shocks. Pivoting towards green growth would support the sustainability of development outcomes for the next generation.

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2022

Through a robust program of technical, analytical, and financial support, the World Bank Group is supporting Bangladesh towards its vision of becoming an upper-middle income country by 2031. This includes supporting the government’s efforts in economic development and growth, power, infrastructure, disaster management, climate change, human and social development, and poverty reduction.

The World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for 2016-2020 which is extended by the Performance Learning and Review (PLR) to FY21 outlines the plan for supporting the country to ensure green, resilient and inclusive development. The three focus areas are: (1) growth and competitiveness; (2) social inclusion; and (3) climate and environment management. It adjusted the strategy to respond to the challenges created by the influx of the displaced Rohingya population, and recommended greater attention to human capital, climate resilience, and digital transformation.

The World Bank Group’s technical and financial assistance focuses on (i) accelerating growth by helping to remove bottlenecks to growth and shift more financing to increase electricity supply and improve transport connectivity; (ii) foster social inclusion by building on Bangladesh’s impressive gains in human and social development; and (iii) strengthening climate and environmental management with the aim to enhance Bangladesh’s resilience to natural disasters, improving water and natural resource management and modernizing agriculture.

Through extensive consultations with its stakeholders—government, civil society, and the private sector—the World Bank Group is embarking upon the preparation of the next Country Partnership Framework for Bangladesh for 2023-2027, which will support the Government of Bangladesh’s Eighth Five-Year Plan.

The World Bank’s support for Bangladesh for FY21–22 is aligned with the World Bank Group’s Approach Paper on “Green Resilient and Inclusive Development (GRID).” The total current IDA commitment stands at 15.3 billion for 56 ongoing projects.

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2022

RESULTS

Support to Fight COVID-19:

Education

IDA is the largest external funder in the education sector covering the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, paired with technical and vocational education and training, as well as education for the hard-to-reach children.

These funds have gone a long way towards preparing children and youth to become competent citizens. Almost all children today step into a classroom. In 2020, the country’s net enrollment rate at the primary school level reached above 97 percent, and that at the secondary school level, around 71 percent.

With nearly 6.9 million girls in secondary schools (Grade 6-10) in 2020, Bangladesh is among the few developing countries to achieve gender parity in school enrollment and has more girls than boys in secondary schools. Improving the quality of education at all levels remains the largest challenge for Bangladesh.

Yet due to poverty, around 18 percent of children ages 6-11 either drops out or remain out of school before completing grade 5. The Reaching-Out-of-School (ROSC II) Project helped to bring the poor and out-of-school children to school and enabled them to complete Grade 5 and eventually transition to secondary education.

The Skills and Training Enhancement Project (STEP) helped to strengthen and improve the quality of skills training and employability of youth, both at home and abroad. Around 150,000 graduates have completed programs in 100 polytechnic institutions. The Higher Education Enhancement Project (HEQEP) established a culture of research and development, quality assurance system and Bangladesh Research and Education Research (BdREN) network which helped thousands of higher education students to continue their online learning. The Higher Education Acceleration and Transformation (HEAT) project would expand HEQEP intervention and establish a mechanism for regional coordination and communication across regional countries and global participation for internationalization of higher education.

The Accelerating and Strengthening Skills for Economic Transformation (ASSET) Project will equip more than 1 million youths and workers with skills needed for the future of work and connect them to the labor market.

The World Bank is supporting the government to respond to the COVID-19 impact and resilient education system through new and existing operations such as Transforming Secondary Education for Results Operation (TSERO) and Learning Acceleration in Secondary Education (LAISE). These operations support remote learning, safe school reopening, student learning assessment, and remedial education, enhancing digital connectivity and capacity building for better-prepared schoolteachers and management at local and central levels.

Health, Nutrition and Population

Despite the enviable progress made, there remains a significant unfinished agenda with regards to essential maternal, child health, and nutritional services. At the same time, as Bangladesh transitions to an upper-middle income economy, the country needs to address the rapid increase in Non-Communicable Diseases and be prepared for emerging infectious diseases such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. For tackling these challenges, the country’s health system needs to be strengthened for both quality and equity of health services through an increase in public spending on health, improvement in governance and stewardship, as well as enhancement in human resource. The World Bank is aligning financial and technical support to Bangladesh to meet these challenges. The Bank supports the government’s fourth Health Nutrition Population sector program.

Energy

The World Bank supports promoting power sector policies and institutional capacity building within the Government, power and gas utilities, and Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC) to improve the financial health, investment, and service quality.

Agriculture

Despite high population density, decreasing arable land, and frequent natural disasters, Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in achieving food security and reducing poverty. Almost half of the population are employed in the agriculture sector. Annual growth in agriculture has increased from less than 2% during the 1970s-1990s to 3.5% in the last two decades. Similarly, the agriculture sector has been a powerful driver of poverty reduction: Between 2005 and 2010, the agriculture sector contributed 69% of total poverty reduction in Bangladesh.

The World Bank supports the government towards climate-resilient diversification, safer, and more efficient food systems. The World Bank is helping over 1.8 million rural households modernize farm practices and use new climate smart technologies. It also supports 2 million household farmers, small and medium-scale agro-entrepreneurs to improve livestock production sustainably, with higher productivity and better market access. Simultaneously, the World Bank supported 500,000 households to increase grain reserves to meet their post-disaster needs and is helping the country improve the quality and efficiency of grain storage management.

The World Bank is helping Bangladesh address food insecurity in challenging times, by increasing the storage capacity of Bangladesh’s national strategic grain reserves by 535,500 tons for 4.5 million households and helped business continuity for 600,000 among the most vulnerable households in the livestock sector during the COVID crisis.

Climate Change

Bangladesh’s geographical position makes it vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. The Global Climate Risk Index ranks Bangladesh as the world’s seventh most affected country over the period 2000-2019 (Germanwatch 2021).

The World Bank continues to help Bangladesh address climate change impacts and disaster risk management. The country has built stronger disaster-coping mechanisms which helped to reduce cyclone related deaths by 100-fold since 1970.

Environment

The World Bank has been contributing to protecting and fostering the environment in Bangladesh since 1980. In addition to its project portfolio, the Bank is supporting the Government of Bangladesh to implement its green growth strategy through afforestation, regeneration and deforestation prevention.

World Bank projects have improved 255,000 hectares of forest land in Bangladesh. Around 2.4 million beneficiaries from 46,000 forest-dependent households from 815 forest villages, including ethnic communities, have received alternative livelihood support, to reduce their dependency on this valuable natural resource. The Sustainable Coastal and Marine Fisheries Project is supporting 54,000 poor climate vulnerable coastal fisher families in 450 fisher villages to seek alternative livelihoods from catch fishing, through savings groups and training programs. The Bank is providing training and competitive conditional grants to 7,500 farmers under 300 shrimp farming clusters for further business development and growth. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it mobilized funding for cash transfers to 77,826 coastal fish and shrimp farmers.

The Bank is also supporting 40,000 micronenterprises to adopt sustainable and eco-friendly products. As a result 80 percent of the microenterprises have improved their environmental and occupational practices.

Water & Sanitation

IDA support has helped build piped and non-piped water sources that provided safe and arsenic-free water to nearly 1.5 million beneficiaries. In Chattogram, the second largest city in Bangladesh, almost 780,000 people now have access to water supply, including those in the urban slums.

A total of 20,475 deep tube wells, rain-water harvesting structures, pond sand filter and ring wells were constructed. In addition, 247,500 people received improved sanitation access from 55,000 new latrines.

Governance

About 1,300+ public organizations/agencies, such as transport, energy, local government, and health sector agencies, are using it for their day-to-day procurement processes. In addition, citizen engagement in contract implementation monitoring is taking place in 48 sub-districts with positive feedback.

Since 2006, IDA has been supporting a nationwide program that augments the government’s block grants provided to all 4,561 Union Parishads (the lowest tier of elected local government). The block grant enables Union Parishads to decide and spend on local priorities. Since 2006, the discretionary funds that a Union Parishad receives annually have grown by more than ten-fold and have benefited 130 million people.

Hundreds of community schemes generating employment for the poor have been implemented, including construction or rehabilitation of rural roads, culverts, drainage and embankment systems; water and sanitation facilities; and schools and clinics. Thirty percent of the schemes are women-preferred schemes. Under the current project, the third of the three consecutive projects, IDA is assisting to institutionalize the block grants with the government’s own resources and supporting a pilot for an urban fiscal transfer system in 16 municipalities, to be scaled up across all Urban Local Bodies through future World Bank operations.

Social Protection and Jobs

The Bank has been a long-time partner, providing financing and technical support to help Bangladesh strengthen and modernize social protection programs.

Investing in early childhood development to improve nutrition and cognitive development leads to healthy, productive adults, and can help prevent the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The Income Support Program for the Poorest (ISPP) Project, known as Jawtno Program, reaches over 600,000 of the country’s poorest mothers and pregnant women with a conditional cash transfer program in exchange for their participation in activities to improve their children’s nutrition and cognitive development. Over 90% of participating families benefited from regular services and cash transfers to support their children’s needs.

Through the Jobs Development Policy Credits (DPC), the Bank has supported reforms to modernize the investment environment, protect workers, and promote access to jobs for vulnerable population groups. The Recovery and Advancement of Informal Sector Employment (RAISE) Project supports enhancements to the earning opportunities of urban youth and returning migrants with an aim to boost the economic inclusion of over 350,000 people.

The Bank supports the establishment and adoption of common digital platforms to enhance service delivery of social assistance programs with a combination of investment and results-based financing via the Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project (SNSP) and the Cash Transfer Modernization (CTM) Project. These projects support information systems and data digitization to better manage programs which address over 20 million poor individuals. The SNSP Project finances the development of the country’s first social registry – the National Household Database – to enhance targeting outcomes across different social programs. The CTM Project has supported the full-scale adoption of digital payments for over 10 million poor and vulnerable elderly, widows, and persons-with-disabilities. This was made possible with the collaboration of local-level public-private “union digital centres,” agent banking services, and Bangladesh’s vast network of mobile money agents.

Support to Address Challenges Created by Influx of Displaced Rohingya Population

24/7 healthcare facilities are providing health, nutrition, and family planning services to men, women, and children. Till December 2021, 87,105 children (ages 0-11 months) among the DRP have received three doses of pentavalent immunization and 25,191 births have been recorded in the health facilities. For COVID-19 response, testing, treatment, and isolation centers were established along with two maternity wards for births and assisted deliveries.

A total of 116,350 women and girls utilized gender-based violence (GBV) response services from various health facilities in Cox’s Bazar district through World Bank supported facilities. Furthermore, 11,263 women and adolescent girls received psychosocial support from the 45 Women Friendly spaces (WFS) and some health facilities.

More than 1,300 learning centers provided learning to 150,000 Rohingya children and psychosocial support to 350,000 children and adolescents. During COVID-19 movement restrictions, thousands of children, half of whom were girls, received home-based caregiver supported learning within the Rohingya camps. Youth in the host communities received vocational training through mobile training centers.

The national safety net program is providing livelihoods and income support to 40,000 poor and vulnerable households in host communities, while scaling up social protection coverage for 85,000 Rohingya households.

Through these projects, the World Bank is supporting Bangladesh to develop stronger program capacities to build resilience and respond to future shocks.

Education

The World Bank Group is the largest financier of education in the developing world. We work on education programs in 90 countries and are committed to helping them reach SDG4, which calls for access to inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030.

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State of Global Learning Poverty

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Education At-A-Glance

Education is a powerful driver of development and one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty and improving health, gender equality, peace, and stability. Developing countries have made tremendous progress in getting children into the classroom and the majority of children worldwide are now in primary school. Nevertheless, some 260 million children are still out of primary and secondary school.

World Bank

World Bank
Banque mondiale
Banco Mundial

Вашингтон, США
Дополнительные офисы:
более 100 представительств
в различных странах,
в том числе в Москве:
World Bank
Russian Country Office
The World Bank (IBRD)
Б. Молчановка, 36-1
121069 Москва,
tel: (495)745-70-00
fax: (495) 745-70-02
e-mail: moscow@worldbank.org

Robert Bruce Zoellick

В процессе своего развития Всемирный банк претерпевал различные структурные измененния, поэтому под термином Всемирный банк на разных этапах понимались разные организации.

Вначале под Всемирным банком понимался Международный банк реконструкции и развития, осуществлявший финансовую поддержку в восстановлении после Второй мировой войны Западной Европы и Японии. Позднее в 1960 г. была создана Международная ассоциация развития, которая взяла на себы часть функций, связанных с политикой этого банка. В настоящее время под Всемирным банком фактически понимают две организации:

В разное время к ним присоединились созданные для решения задач Всемирного банка ещё три организации: [2]

Все пять организаций входят в Группу организаций Всемирного банка и называются Группой Всемирного банка. В отдельных случаях под Всемирным банком по-прежнему понимается Международный банк реконструкции и развития, который до сих пор составлет основу деятельности Всемирного банка.

Содержание

История

Всемирный банк является одной из двух (наряду с Международным валютным фондом) крупных финансовых организаций, созданных по итогам Бреттон-Вудской конференции, состоявшейся в США в 1944 г. Делегаты из 45 стран, в том числе представители Советского Союза, обсуждали вопросы восстановления экономики и устройства мирового хозяйства после Второй Мировой войны. [3]

Советский Союз являлся одним из активных участников Конференции, однако впоследстви отказался от участия в деятельности Международного валютного фонда и Всемирного банка, т.к. в соответствии с уставом не имел возможности влиять на принимаемые решения в отличие от Соединённых Штатов Америки.

На первых этапах своей деятельности с 1945 по 1968 гг Всемирный банк не осуществлял активное кредитование вследствие повышенных требований к заёмщикам. Под руководством первого президента банка Джона МакКлоя (John McCloy) в качестве первого заёмщика была выбрана Франция, ей был выдан кредит в сумме 250 млн долларов США. Причём условием предоставления Франции кредита было неучастие в коалиционном правительстве коммунистов. Два других претендента (Польша и Чили) помощи не получили. В дальнейшем Всемирный банк принимал активное участие в кредитовании стран Западной Европы, которая активно восстанавливала разрушенную Второй мировой войной экономику, реализуя план Маршалла. Финансирование этого плана в значительной степени шло по линии Всемирного банка.

В 1968-1980 гг. деятельность Всемирного банка была направлена на помощь развивающимся странам. Увеличивались объемы и структура предоставляемых кредитов, охватывая различные отрасли экономики от инфраструктуры до решения социальных вопросов. Руководивший в этот период Всемирным банком Роберт Макнамара (Robert McNamara) привнес в его деятельность технократический стиль управления, т.к. имел опыт руководящей работы в качестве Министра обороны США и президента компании Форд. Макнамара создал новую систему предоставления потенциальными странами-заёмщиками информации, что позволяло сокращать время на принятие решения об условиях предоставления кредита.

В 1980 году Макнамару на посту президента Всемирного банка сменил Клаузен (w:en:A.W. Clausen) по представлению тагдашнего президента США Рональда Рейгана. В этот период финансовая помощь предоставлялась в основном странам третьего мира. Для периода 1980-1989 гг. характерной была политика кредитования, направленная на развитие экономик третьего мира с тем, чтобы понизить зависимость их от кредитов. Такая политика привела к сокращению кредитов, предоставляемых на решение социальных задач.

С 1989 г. политика Всемирного банка претерпела существенные изменения под влиянием критики различных негосударственных организаций, в частности, связанных с охраной окружающей среды. В результате спектр предосталвемых кредитов на различные цели расширился.

Цели и задачи

В настоящее время в соответствии с Декларацией тысячелетия Всемирный банк сосредоточил свою деятельность на достижение целей развития тысячелетия (w:en:Millennium Development Goals). В переходный период к третьему тысячелетию под эгидой ООН были сформулированы восемь целей, на достижение которых должны быть направлены усилия международных организаций. Цели развития тысячелетия должны быть достигнуты к 2015 году и включают в себя следующие:

Решая глобальные задачи развития человечества, Всемирный банк, используя механизм предоставления кредитов МБРР, кредитует страны во средним уровнем дохода по процентным ставкам, соответствующим уровню рынка этих стран. Другая финансовая организация Всемирного банка МАР кредитует страны с низким уровнем дохода по минимальным процентным ставкам или без процентов.

Виды и направления деятельности

Два тесно связанные между собой учреждения в составе Всемирного банка — Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР) и Международная ассоциация развития (МАР) — предоставляют займы по низким процентным ставкам, под нулевой процент или в виде грантов странам, не имеющим доступа к международным рынкам капитала или имеющим такой доступ на невыгодных условиях. В отличие от других финансовых учреждений, Всемирный банк не стремится к получению прибыли. МБРР действует на рыночной основе, пользуется своим высоким кредитным рейтингом, позволяющим ему получать средства под низкий процент, для того чтобы предоставлять кредиты своим клиентам из числа развивающихся стран также по низким процентным ставкам. Операционные расходы, связанные с этой деятельностью, Банк покрывает самостоятельно, не используя для этого внешние источники финансирования.

Каждые три года Группа Всемирного банка разрабатывает рамочный документ: «Стратегия деятельности Группы Всемирного банка», который используется как основа сотрудничества со страной. Стратегия помогает увязать программы банка как по предоставлению займов, так и аналитических и консультационных услуг, с конкретными целями развития каждой страны-заемщика. В стратегию входят проекты и программы, которые могут максимально повлиять на решение проблемы бедности и способствовать динамичному социально-экономическому развитию. До подачи на рассмотрение совету директоров Всемирного банка стратегия обсуждается с правительством страны-заемщика и с другими заинтересованными структурами

Мобилизация денежных средств

Ресурсы МАР, которая является крупнейшим в мире источником финансирования беднейших стран мира в виде беспроцентных займов и грантов, пополняются каждые три года 40 странами-донорами. Дополнительные средства МАР получает по мере погашения странами предоставляемых на срок от 35 до 40 лет беспроцентных займов. Эти средства затем вновь используются для предоставления кредитов. На долю МАР приходится почти 40 процентов общего объема кредитных операций Всемирного банка.

Кредиты

Действуя через МБРР и МАР, Всемирный банк предоставляет кредиты двух основных видов: инвестиционные кредиты и кредиты на цели развития.

Кредиты на цели развития (раньше называвшиеся кредитами для структурных преобразований) предоставляются путем выделения финансовых ресурсов в целях поддержки политических и институциональных реформ.

Гранты

Всемирный банк осуществляет финансовую поддержку в форме грантов. Целью грантов является содействие разработке проектов путем стимулирования нововведений, сотрудничества между организациями и участия местных заинтересованных сторон в работе над проектами. В последние годы гранты МАР, финансируемые напрямую, либо управляемые в рамках партнерских отношений, использовались в следующих целях:

Другие услуги

Значительную часть усилий также направлена на образовательную деятельность и распространения знаний, помогающих решать проблемы развития страны.

Институт Всемирного банка ИВБ (англ. World Bank Institute )- один из инструментов реализации политики по распространению знаний, способствующих решению задач Всемирного банка. ИВБ работает с политиками, бизнесменами, техническими специалистами, другими категориями граждан, а также с университетами, учебными центрами из разных стран. [4]

Служба Интернет-трансляций B-SPAN – это Интернет-портал, при помощи которого Всемирный банк проводит семинары и конференции на такие темы, как устойчивое развитие и сокращение масштабов бедности.

Направления (сферы) деятельности

Деятельность Всемирного банка охватывает широкую область деятельности:

В настоящее время Банк участвует в финансировании более 1 800 проектов практически во всех секторах экономики развивающихся стран. Финансируются проекты в самых разных областях деятельности. Примерами являются развитие микрокредитования в Боснии и Герцеговине, повышение эффективности профилактики СПИДа в Гвинее, поддержка образования девочек в Бангладеш, повышение эффективности здравоохранения в Мексике, содействие восстановлению провозгласившего независимость Восточного Тимора и оказание Индии помощи в ликвидации последствий разрушительного землетрясения в штате Гурджарат.

Управление деятельностью банка

Всемирный банк представляет собой акционерное общество, акционерами которого являются 185 стран-членов этой организации. Количество голосов, которыми обладают страны-участницы зависит от их доли в капитале Банка, которая в свою очередь определяется их долей в мировой экономике. Эти акционеры представлены Советом управляющих, который является высшим органом, принимающим решения и определяющим политику Банка. Как правило, управляющими являются министры финансов стран-участниц. Совет управляющих проводит свои совещания один раз в год во время Ежегодных совещаний Советов управляющих Группы Всемирного банка и Международного валютного фонда.

Конкретные полномочия по управлению Банком в период между заседаниями Совета управляющих переданы 24 исполнительным директорам, которые работают непосредственно в штаб-квартире Банка в Вашингтоне. Исполнительные директора образуют Совет диреторов, который возглавляет Президент Банка. В Совет директоров входят пять исполнительных директоров, представляющих интересы государств-членов, обладающих крупнейшими пакетами акций: США, Япония, Германия, Франция и Великобритания. Остальные 19 исполнительных директоров представляют группы стран.

утверждение займов и гарантий, определение общих принципов деятельности банка утверждение бюджета Банка выработка стратегий содействия странам принятие решений, касающихся заимствований и других вопросов финансовой деятельности.

Президент Всемирного банка (в настоящее время Роберт Б. Зеллик) председательствует на совещаниях Совета директоров и отвечает за общее руководство деятельностью Банка. По традиции Президентом Всемирного банка становится гражданин США – страны, являющейся крупнейшим акционером Банка. Президент избирается Советом управляющих на пятилетний срок и может быть переизбран. Пять вице-президентов, в т.ч. три старших вице-президента (англ. Senior Vice-Presidents ) и два исполнительных вице-президента (англ. Executive Vice-Presidents ) отвечают за конкретные регионы, сектора, направления деятельности и выполняют другие конкретные функции.

Членство

Международный банк реконструкции и развития состоит из 185 стран-членов [5]

Международная асоциация развития насчитывает 168 стран-членов [6]

Каждая страна-член МБРР должна быть также одновременно членом Международного валютного фонда, и только те страны, которые являются членами МБРР, могут быть членами других организаций, входящих в Группу Всемирного банка.

Представительство Всемирного банка в России

Осенью 1991 года Всемирный банк открыл своё временное представительство в Москве.

7 января 1992 года правительство Российской Федерации подало заявку на вступление в члены МВФ и Группы Всемирного банка. Россия стала членом этих организаций в июне 1992 года.

В начале 1993 года банк открывает постоянное представительство в Москве, в котором в настоящее время работает около 70 человек, в основном — российских граждан.

В июне 1993 года банк организовал многостороннюю встречу в Париже для обсуждения наиболее приоритетных реформ в России и координации связанной с ними внешней помощи.

C 1 января 1995 по 1 июня 2005 года президентом Всемирного банка являлся Джеймс Д. Вулфенсон. Он впервые посетил Российскую Федерацию в октябре 1995 года и с тех пор каждый год посещал Россию с официальным визитом. с 1 июня 2005 года по 30 июня 2007 года Президентом Всемирного банка являлся Пол Вулфовиц, ушедший со своего поста в результате скандалов. С 30 июня 2007 года Президентом ВБ является Роберт Зелик.

Общую стратегию развития и программу научно-исследовательской работы банка разрабатывает Шеф-экономист.

World Bank Open Data

Free and open access to global development data

MOST RECENT

Improved governance and increased investment needed to tackle world water crisis

Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land: A Companion Guide for Cognitive Interviewing

Precious metal prices pressured by rising interest rates and weaker economic activity

Data brings new perspectives to watershed conservation

Extreme Poverty

The proportion of the world’s population living in extreme poverty has dropped significantly

Over 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet and most live in lower-middle-income countries.

More Resources

Open Data Catalog

Provides a listing of available World Bank datasets, including databases, pre-formatted tables, reports, and other resources.

DataBank

An analysis and visualisation tool that contains collections of time series data on a variety of topics.

Microdata Library

Provides access to data collected through sample surveys of households, business establishments or other facilities.

Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals

Guides readers through the Sustainable Development Goals using interactive storytelling and innovative data visualizations.

International Debt Statistics

Provides access to comprehensive annual statistics on external debt stocks and flows for 120 developing countries.

International Comparison Program

Explore purchasing power parities (PPPs), price levels, economic data and the methodology behind the world’s largest statistical partnership.

World Development Indicators

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources.

Open Finances

Explore raw data about the World Bank Group’s finances, including disbursements and management of global funds.

Projects & Operations

Provides access to basic information on all of the World Bank’s lending projects from 1947 to the present.

Open Data Toolkit

Provides an understanding of Open Data and how to get «up to speed» in planning and implementing an open data program.

Living Standards Measurement Study

Supports countries in conducting multi-topic household surveys to generate high-quality data, improve survey methods and build capacity.

Global Consumption Database

A one-stop source of data on household consumption patterns in developing countries.

Energy

Access to energy is essential to reduce poverty. Energy makes possible the investments, innovations and new industries that are the engines of jobs, inclusive growth and shared prosperity for entire economies.

Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2022

At today’s rate of progress, the world is still not on track to achieve universal energy access by 2030. Find out why.

Universal Electricity Access in Africa

Riccardo Puliti, Vice President for Infrastructure, shares what it will take to achieve universal electricity access in Africa.

Global Gas Flaring Tracker

Global gas flaring reduced by 5% in 2020. Seven countries account for roughly two-thirds (65%) of global gas flaring.

Energy At-A-Glance

Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy (SDG7) is vital to reaching all other UN Sustainable Development Goals and critical for many countries to meet their climate change mitigation targets.

Project

India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program

The World Bank is working with India on sweeping energy efficiency measures across residential and industrial sectors that aim to avoid lifetime GHG emissions of 170 million tons of CO2 and contribute to avoiding an estimated 10 GW of additional generation capacity.

The World Bank In China

Since China began to open up and reform its economy in 1978, GDP growth has averaged almost 10 percent a year, and more than 800 million people have been lifted out of poverty. There have also been significant improvements in access to health, education, and other services over the same period.

Featured

New report projects China’s real GDP growth to slow sharply to 4.3 percent in 2022.

Urban Rail Line Delivers Low-Carbon Mobility in a Chinese City

The World Bank-financed Zhengzhou Urban Rail Line 3 has provided services to over 140,000 passengers every day.

New Report Looks at Lessons from China’s Poverty Reduction Experience

China At-A-Glance

China has achieved substantial development success since it started structural reform and opening up policies in 1978. Today, China is an upper middle-income country that has remaining development challenges. The World Bank will continue to work with China to address institutional gaps and increase its contribution to global public goods.

Benefits

The World Bank Group offers competitive salaries and benefits to match a compelling career choice. Salaries are internationally competitive and based upon education qualifications and professional experience.

Health, Life, Accident, and Other Insurance Programs

Headquarters-recruited staff and their eligible family members (including domestic partners) may choose from three comprehensive medical/dental benefit plans, with no pre-existing condition exclusions if enrollment is made within 60 days of entry-on-duty. Staff members recruited to a Country Office are eligible for a comprehensive medical/dental benefits plan for themselves and eligible family members, including domestic partners.

The World Bank Group provides basic life and accident insurance to all staff at no cost. Headquarters-recruited staff can elect additional life and accident insurance coverage at their own expense.

Disability and worker’s compensation coverage is provided to all staff at no cost.

Pension Plan

The World Bank Group sponsors a comprehensive pension plan for all staff. Staff and the World Bank Group make contributions toward a pension that is used upon retirement.

Relocation, Resettlement, and Expatriate Benefits

For staff appointed to positions subject to international recruitment, the World Bank Group pays relocation benefits upon appointment and resettlement benefits upon end of employment. The World Bank also pays a mobility premium to eligible expatriate staff appointed to positions at headquarters subject to international recruitment, with eligibility based on nationality and visa/residency status in the appointment duty station. (Staff members appointed to non-headquarters positions subject to international recruitment may be eligible for other expatriate benefits.)

Paid Leave

New staff receive 26 days of annual leave and 15 days of sick leave per year, accrued daily. Parental leave (100 days for Primary Caregiver; 50 days for Secondary Caregiver) is available for childbirth and/or adoption.

Work/Life Balance

The WBG makes an effort to help staff achieve balance in their work and personal lives.

The Bank strives to offer flexible work arrangements to provide a better work/life balance for staff. Some of the programs that are offered include telecommuting, alternate and reduced work schedules, flextime, job sharing and home-based work. These arrangements are based on the discretion of the hiring manager, the business needs of the institution, and the specifics of each individual.

In addition, the Bank headquarters offers other services to assist in achieving work/life balance:

Health Services Department: An on-site Health Services Department provides consultation and treatment for minor ailments or injuries during the work day and clinical services related to work assignments (such as pre-employment evaluations and travel medicine), as well as preventive care services. The department has a Health Promotion Program offering a wide range of ongoing programs and scheduled activities to encourage good health habits for staff and families.

Fitness Center: The Bank’s fitness center is fully supplied with state-of-the-art exercise equipment, locker rooms, showers, saunas, and exercise studios to promote and maintain the good health, morale, and productivity of staff.

Child Care: The World Bank Group recognizes that for many staff quality child care is a high priority. Our Children’s Center provides high quality services in this area. In addition, backup child care is available to staff members who need emergency or temporary child care.

Lactation Room: Rooms for nursing mothers are available in a number of World Bank Group offices.

Partners

Contacts

Headquarters
1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA (202) 473-1000

Stay Connected

There are tens of thousands of donor-funded development projects worldwide, each governed by countless demands, guidelines and procedures designed to protect the projects and ensure that aid gets to the poor. Experience shows that capacity in developing countries can be improved and strengthened quickly when donors better coordinate their activities and harmonize their procedures.

As such, the World Bank works with other international institutions and donors, civil society and professional and academic associations to improve the coordination of aid policies and practices in countries, at the regional level and at the global level.

Partnerships at Work

The adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 solidified an historic global partnership to focus on reaching seven specific targets to reduce poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy. The eighth goal, Develop a Global Partnership for Development by 2015, identifies the means to achieve the other seven.

Here are some of the global partnerships in which the World Bank participates:

Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP)

Successfully halted transmission of river blindness in 11 countries with a collective population of 35 million.

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)

Seeks to protect public health worldwide through the widespread use of vaccines.

Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Created and promoted crop improvements in developing countries over the last 30 years through a network of research centers.

The Carbon Fund

Works to develop viable, flexible market mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

Provides grants to developing countries to fund projects that benefit the global environment and promote sustainable livelihoods in local communities.

Roll Back Malaria

Roll Back Malaria Coordinates the international fight against malaria, which kills more than 1 million people a year, most of them children in Africa.

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP)

Expands access to microfinance by the poor in developing countries through a consortium of 28 public and private development agencies.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

Advocates for global action on the HIV/AIDS epidemic and works with civil society, the business community and the private sector.

Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative (FIRST)

Provides flexible, practical assistance to developing countries to strengthen their financial systems and adopt international financial standards.

Education for All

Focuses attention on education and strives to ensure an education for every citizen in every society.

Global Water Partnership (GWP)

Supports countries in the sustainable management of their water resources.

infoDev

Works at the intersection of innovation, technology, and entrepreneurship to create opportunities for inclusive growth, job creation and poverty reduction.

Global Development Learning Network (GDLN)

Collaborates in the design of customized learning solutions for individuals and organizations working in development.

Haiti Reconstruction Fund (HRF)

Mobilizes, coordinates and allocates contributions from bilateral and other donors to finance high-priority projects, programs and budget support to help finance post-earthquake reconstruction

Harmonization for Health in Africa (HHA)

Provides regional support to governments in Africa in strengthening their health systems.

Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR)

Works with developing countries and financial centers to prevent the laundering of the proceeds of corruption and to facilitate more systematic and timely return of stolen assets.

Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)

Works directly with client governments at the local and national level to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

Improve delivery

Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA)

Funds, designs, demonstrates, and documents output-based aid (OBA) approaches to improve delivery of basic infrastructure and social services to the poor in developing countries.

The World Bank works with the following international institutions to improve the coordination of aid policies and practices in countries, at the regional level and at the global level:

Multilateral Development Banks

Multilateral Development Banks are institutions that provide financial support and professional advice for economic and social development activities in developing countries. The term Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) typically refers to the World Bank Group and these four Regional Development Banks:

These banks are characterized by a broad membership, including both borrowing developing countries and developed donor countries, and not limited to member countries from the region of a regional development bank. Each bank has its own independent legal and operational status, but with a similar mandate and a considerable number of joint owners, the MDBs maintain a high level of cooperation.

Multilateral Financial Institutions

Several other banks and funds that lend to developing countries are also identified as multilateral development institutions, and are often grouped together as other Multilateral Financial Institutions (MFIs). They differ from the MDBs in that they have a narrower ownership/membership structure and they focus on special sectors or activities. Among these are:

A number of Sub-Regional Banks, established for development purposes, are also classified as multilateral banks, as they are owned by a group of countries (typically borrowing members and not donors). Among these are banks such as Corporacion Andina de Fomento; Caribbean Development Bank; Central American Bank for Economic Integration; East African Development Bank and West African Development Bank.

Aid Coordination Groups

The World Bank Group works in partnership with the development agencies of individual countries to better coordinate aid and to more effectively achieve development goals. Work is coordinated by various committees and consultations that take place throughout the year. See theComprehensive Development Framework for more information on the Bank’s work with aid coordination groups, some of which are listed here:

Over the years, the World Bank has collaborated with the United Nations in nearly every region and sector, deepening this engagement since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the international community.

This strategic relationship liaises through the Bank’s offices in New York and Geneva, in a proactive and forward-looking manner, coordinating positions as necessary with a Bank-wide network of managers and staff engaged in UN matters.

The World Bank office in New York focuses on three different levels:

This substantive diplomatic dialogue assures and promotes the strengthening and cooperation on development issues of mutual concern, including key thematic areas: fragile states, climate change and human development issues.

The New York office also represents Bank management in key UN meetings and forges strategic alliances while providing intelligence to the Bank’s staff; assists with the interaction between senior Bank managers and high-level UN officials, and facilitates participation in UN events, conferences, roundtables and summits.

Our work is to ensure the Bank’s position as a key advocate for development in the UN setting, the accuracy of its views included in the UN agenda, and also the correct understanding of the UN policies and operations and their incorporation, when appropriate, into the work of the Bank in support of development.

For more information about the World Bank’s office in Geneva please visit the website.

The World Bank In China

Overview

China is now an upper-middle-income country. It will be important going forward that poverty alleviation efforts increasingly shift to address the vulnerabilities faced by the large number of people still considered poor by the standards of middle-income countries, including those living in urban areas.

China’s high growth based on resource-intensive manufacturing, exports, and low-paid labor has largely reached its limits and has led to economic, social, and environmental imbalances. Reducing these imbalances requires shifts in the structure of the economy from manufacturing to high value services, and from investment to consumption.

Over the past few years, growth has moderated in the face of structural constraints, including declining labor force growth, diminishing returns to investment, and slowing productivity. The challenge going forward is to find new drivers of growth while addressing the social and environmental legacies of China’s previous development path.

China’s rapid economic growth exceeded the pace of institutional development, and there are important institutional and reform gaps that China needs to address to ensure a high-quality and sustainable growth path. The role of the state needs to evolve and focus on providing stable market expectations and a clear and fair business environment, as well as strengthening the regulatory system and the rule of law to further support the market system.

Given its size, China is central to important regional and global development issues. China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, with per capita emissions now surpassing those of the European Union, although slightly below the OECD average and well below the United States, and its air and water pollution affects other countries. Global environmental problems cannot be solved without China’s engagement. China’s growing economy is also an important source of global demand, and its economic rebalancing will create new opportunities for manufacturing exporters but may reduce demand for commodities over the medium-term.

China is a growing influence on other developing economies through trade, investment, and ideas. Many of the complex development challenges that China faces are relevant to other countries, including transitioning to a new growth model, rapid aging, building a cost-effective health system, and promoting a lower carbon energy path.

Following real GDP growth of 8.1 percent in 2021, growth is projected to slow to 5.0 percent in 2022. The forecast reflects rising headwinds: Domestic demand has slowed, and the global economic environment has worsened significantly with the war in Ukraine. In addition, COVID incursions have become more frequent and widespread. China is currently experiencing the largest COVID wave since the end of the national lockdown in March 2020.

In the face of these shocks, the authorities have announced a significant loosening of policy. The 2022 budget leaves room for a fiscal boost of up to 2.7 percent of GDP. Risks are firmly on the downside and include a stronger than expected global slowdown, a longer lasting commodity price shock, and more severe financial stress among property developers. China also remains at risk of re-escalating COVID outbreaks, which could lead to significant economic disruption. In a downside scenario, economic growth could slow to 4.0 percent in 2022.

Over the medium term, China’s economy is facing structural headwinds given adverse demographics, tepid productivity growth, and the legacies of excessive borrowing and environmental pollution. In the face of these challenges, macroeconomic policies need to be careful not to exacerbate financial risks. Structural reforms are needed to reinvigorate the shift to more balanced high-quality growth.

An important element of such a shift is a reduction in the inequality of economic opportunities. The government has highlighted achieving common prosperity as a key economic objective but has not yet defined specific policies to reach this goal. More progressive taxation and a strengthened social protection system could protect the most vulnerable, reduce inequality and help boost private consumption as a driver of growth.

Last Updated: Apr 12, 2022

China and the World Bank Group (WBG) have worked together for over 40 years. The WBG’s new Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for FY2020 to 2025, issued in December 2019, reflects the evolution of the Bank Group’s relationship with China toward a decline in lending and a more selective engagement in line with the capital increase commitments agreed to by its shareholders in 2018.

The CPF aims to help China address some of its remaining development challenges, notably the transition to more environmentally sustainable growth, strengthen key Chinese institutions engaged in economic and social development, and reduce inequality in lagging regions.

World Bank (IBRD) lending will decline over the CPF period and focus on supporting China in contributing to global public goods. Knowledge and advisory services will play a growing role in the cooperation with the WBG. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) will also continue to invest in China’s private sector, promoting high standards and supporting companies producing goods and services with high social and environmental benefits.

The CPF has three broad areas of engagement:

The CPF is informed by the Bank Group’s Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) published in early 2018 and other Bank studies including Innovative China: New Drivers of Growth published in 2019. At the CPF midpoint, the Bank Group will assess progress in CPF implementation.

Last Updated: Apr 12, 2022

China began its partnership with the Bank in 1980, just as it embarked on its reforms. Starting as a recipient of support from the International Development Association (IDA), the Bank Group’s fund for the poorest, China graduated from IDA in 1999 and became a donor in 2007. It became the World Bank’s third largest shareholder upon completion of the capital increase approved in 2010, the 30th anniversary of its partnership.

The nature of the Bank’s activities in China has evolved over time as China’s needs and level of development have changed. In the early years, the World Bank brought international experience to help design economic reform strategies, improve project management, and address key bottlenecks to growth. More recently, this two-way relationship has evolved —the World Bank offers international expertise to help address China’s key development challenges and pilot reforms through projects and programs; and China’s development experiences enhance the Bank’s global knowledge and capacity to help other developing countries.

Research

Joint flagship studies have been important for deepening the dialogue on policies and Bank programs and provided a model for other middle-income countries. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative Society, a joint report by the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council, lays out six strategic directions for China’s future: completing the transition to a market economy; accelerating the pace of open innovation; going “green” to transform environmental stresses into green growth as a driver for development; expanding opportunities and services such as health, education and access to jobs for all people; modernizing and strengthening its domestic fiscal system; and seeking mutually beneficial relations with the world by connecting China’s structural reforms to the changing international economy.

Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization, also a joint report by the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council, recommends that China curb rapid urban sprawl by reforming land requisition, give migrants urban residency and equal access to basic public services, and reform local finances by finding stable revenues and by allowing local governments to borrow directly within strict central rules.

Healthy China: Deepening Health Reform in China, Building High-Quality and Value-Based Service Delivery, a joint study on reforming China’s health system in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance, the National Health and Family Planning Commission, and the World Health Organization, recommends deeper healthcare reforms by creating a new model of people-centered quality integrated health care that strengthens primary care as the core of the health system; continuously improving health care quality; empowering patients with knowledge and understanding of health services; boosting the status of the health workforce, especially primary-care providers; allowing qualified private health providers to deliver cost-effective services; and prioritizing public investments.

Innovative China: New Drivers of Growth, a joint report by the Development Research Center of China’s State Council, the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank Group proposes that China addresses its productivity challenges by promoting the “three Ds” – removing distortions in the economy, accelerating diffusion of existing advanced technologies and innovations, and fostering discovery of new technologies, products, and processes so as to expand China’s productivity frontier. The report develops recommendations in seven areas to promote the “three Ds.” These recommendations focus on strengthening competition across product and factor markets and creating a level playing field for all investors, investing in human capital and improving the targeting of support for innovation and entrepreneurship, and adapting the model of economic governance to adjust the balance between the state and the market.

A new joint flagship study addressing the challenges of decarbonizing and greening China’s economy is under preparation.

Projects

World Bank-financed projects introduced innovations or piloted new approaches and serve as platforms for knowledge exchange. Many of them also placed a major emphasis on the environment and climate change. Here are some of our recent projects and results in China:

The Yellow River Basin Ecological Protection and Environmental Pollution Control Program, approved in March 2022, helps address water scarcity and ecosystem degradation in China’s Yellow River basin. The program will support China’s strategy for the basin, and will contribute to core objectives of the national plan around ecological and environmental protection and promoting water conservation. Provincial level activities will support ecological protection, water use efficiency, and water pollution control in the middle reach of the Yellow River, where erosion, ecosystem degradation, and water scarcity are pronounced.

The Green Agricultural and Rural Revitalization Program for Results, approved in March 2022, promotes green agriculture and rural development in China’s southwest region and supports the Chinese government’s national Rural Revitalization Program. Program activities comprise institutional capacity building, training and agricultural extension services, financial incentives to promote climate-smart and greener agriculture technologies and practices, and investments in rural wastewater and solid waste management services. The program also includes investments in monitoring, evaluation, and verification of environmental outcomes. It also supports the development of program-based budgets to better link resource use with outcomes at the local government level.

The Yangtze River Protection and Ecological Restoration Program, approved in December 2021, helps enhance ecological protection and reduce water pollution in China’s Yangtze River basin. The program will support coordination across line agencies and levels of government by strengthening data collection and sharing, and by improving water management and allocation. Local level activities will help reduce plastics pollution by developing incentives for the collection of agricultural plastic film, improve wastewater management and collection systems at the township level, and address agricultural pollution through improved management of livestock manure.

The China Plastic Waste Reduction Project, approved in June 2021, helps improve plastic waste management at the national and subnational levels in China and reduce plastics pollution from municipal solid waste. At the national level, the project will help develop policy and implementation mechanisms to reduce plastics pollution, improve resource utilization through recycling, and support waste minimization and prevention. At the subnational level, it will help improve the functionality of solid waste management systems, demonstrate the urban-rural integration of solid waste management and plastic pollution control, and pilot enhanced separation of wastes and increased recycling rates.

The Green Finance Demonstration Project, approved in June 2021, supports the establishment of a Green and Low-Carbon Investment Fund in China. The national-level Fund will develop and demonstrate best-practice environmental standards, and will help catalyze additional private capital from domestic and foreign institutional investors, providing much-needed long-term equity financing to smaller private green innovators and qualified green projects.

The Hunan Subnational Governance and Rural Public Service Delivery Program for Results, approved in February 2021, assists the province in delivering more equitable and efficient public services in rural areas. The financing supports measures to strengthen local debt management and provide results-oriented transfers aimed at reducing disparities in the quality of basic education in rural areas. It would also introduce greater accountability by making budget information more transparent and accessible to citizens.

The China Food Safety Improvement Project, approved in March 2021, helps China improve food safety management at both the national and targeted subnational levels, and reduce food safety risks. It will strengthen food safety regulations, enforcement, and compliance along selected value chains， consistent with global practices, and help farms and food enterprises to access finance for food safety technologies, and organize risk communication campaigns to promote food safety and advocate for healthier lifestyles.

The Emerging Infectious Diseases Prevention, Preparedness and Response Project, approved in June 2020, supports China in strengthening national and provincial systems to reduce the risk of zoonotic and other emerging health threats. The project introduces a multi-sectoral approach that brings together responses from public health, agriculture and food, as well as the environment and wildlife sectors.

Islamic Republic of Iran

The Iranian authorities have adopted a comprehensive strategy encompassing the market-based reforms reflected in the government’s 20-year vision and its sixth development plan for the full five-year period from 2016/17 to 2021/22.

Managing Economic Uncertainties

GDP growth is projected to remain modest in the medium term as the economy remains constrained by global and domestic bottlenecks.

Iran’s Economic Update

Iran’s economy is slowly emerging from a decade-long stagnation bogged by economic sanctions, oil prices, and the pandemic.

Adapting to the New Normal

Iran’s economy is gradually recovering following a lost decade of negligible economic growth.

Iran At-A-Glance

Iran’s GDP in 2019/20 is estimated at US$463 billion. With a population of 82.8 million people, Iran’s economy is characterized by the hydrocarbon, agriculture, and services sectors, as well as a noticeable state presence in manufacturing and financial services. Iran ranks second in the world in natural gas reserves and fourth in proven crude oil reserves.

Explore History

JULY 1944 BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE

In July 1944 – one year before the end of World War II – delegates from 44 countries met for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The conference aimed to create the framework for post-war international economic cooperation and reconstruction. The intellectual leaders at the conference were John Maynard Keynes (Adviser to the Treasury in the United Kingdom), and Harry Dexter White (Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the United States).

By the 1970s, over 40% of people in developing countries lived in absolute poverty and, in response, the World Bank’s projects aimed to help the poor directly. World Bank President Robert McNamara coined the term “absolute poverty” in his 1973 Annual Meeting speech, and was the first to communicate the World Bank’s twin goals: “…to accelerate economic growth and to reduce poverty.” (World Development Report, 1978). These concepts transformed the Bank into the institution focused on development that we know today.

Lending to member countries increased twelve-fold between 1968 and 1981, and expanded into new sectors: environment, rural development, water, sanitation, education, and others. The global effort to eradicate river blindness is one example of how the Bank worked to improve the lives of the poor, which was different from the large infrastructure projects that were done in the Bank’s first 20 y ears. The first loan for the environment was in 1971 for pollution control in Brazil, and the Bank subsequently built environmental safeguards into its process. During the 1970s economists were the primary advisers in the Bank, but staff with different skills in anthropology, sociology, environmental science and other sectors were hired to provide even more expertise to clients.

The 1980s and 90s brought additional challenges related to oil shocks, debt crises and environmentalism, and the Bank reacted by bringing new skills and safeguards into its work, as well as structural adjustment. Structural adjustment loans came with policy conditions, such as fiscal discipline, tax reform and liberalization of foreign direct investment; but while they were intended to improve the policy and institutional environment in which the loans were made, their overall effectiveness was debated internally and in the client community.

In the 1990s, the Bank assisted former Soviet nations to redirect their economies after the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and many of these newly sovereign nations became World Bank members. In 1991, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established to further the focus on safeguarding the environment, and in 1996 the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries debt initiative was approved to enable poor countries to focus on sustainable development and reducing poverty. The World Bank added another institution to the group when the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was formed in 1988 to provide political risk insurance and credit enhancement to investors and lenders.

During the late 1990s, the World Bank moved back into the areas of conflict prevention, post-conflict reconstruction, and assistance for countries to redirect their economies after major political change. This period also brought concern about the impact of government corruption on the effectiveness of lending operations, which led the World Bank to adopt an anti-corruption strategy under President James Wolfensohn. Wolfensohn gave a ground-breaking speech on the “cancer or corruption” at the 1996 annual meetings, and under his leadership the focus on country accountability and ownership of development work became central with the Comprehensive Development Framework.

The mid-2000s ushered in the idea of the World Bank as a knowledge institution, and by 2010, the Open Agenda guided the Bank to a more transparent approach to development. In collaboration with the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals in 2000, and subsequently the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, the World Bank moved into the new century emphasizing community-driven development and aid coordination, working to safeguard vulnerable groups, and mitigating the impact of climate change.

BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE

THE WORLD BANK AS BUILDER AND ENGINEER

THE WORLD BANK CONFRONTS POVERTY

ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION AND STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS

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The organizations that make up the World Bank Group are owned by the governments of member nations, which have the ultimate decision-making power within the organizations on all matters, including policy, financial or membership issues.

Member countries govern the World Bank Group through the Boards of Governors and the Boards of Executive Directors. These bodies make all major decisions for the organizations.

To become a member of the Bank, under the IBRD Articles of Agreement, a country must first join the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Membership in IDA, IFC and MIGA are conditional on membership in IBRD.

In tandem with the IMF, and in consultation with other World Bank Group staff, the Corporate Secretariat Vice Presidency coordinates the process for new membership and maintains the information relating to the status of membership which includes the membership lists.

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Country / Date of Membership

Afghanistan, Jul 14, 1955
Albania, Oct 15, 1991
Algeria, Sep 26, 1963
Angola, Sep 19, 1989
Antigua and Barbuda, Sep 22, 1983
Argentina, Sep 20, 1956
Armenia, Sep 16, 1992
Australia, Aug 5, 1947
Austria, Aug 27, 1948
Azerbaijan, Sep 18, 1992
Bahamas, The Aug 21, 1973
Bahrain, Sep 15, 1972
Bangladesh, Aug 17, 1972
Barbados, Sep 12, 1974
Belarus, Jul 10, 1992
Belgium, Dec 27, 1945
Belize, Mar 19, 1982
Benin, Jul 10, 1963
Bhutan, Sep 28, 1981
Bolivia, Dec 27, 1945
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Feb 25, 1993
Botswana, Jul 24, 1968
Brazil, Jan 14, 1946
Brunei Darussalam, Oct 10, 1995
Bulgaria, Sep 25, 1990
Burkina Faso, May 2, 1963
Burundi, Sep 28, 1963
Cabo Verde, Nov 20, 1978
Cambodia, Jul 22, 1970
Cameroon, Jul 10, 1963
Canada, Dec 27, 1945
Central African Republic, Jul 10, 1963
Chad, Jul 10, 1963
Chile, Dec 31, 1945
China, Dec 27, 1945
Colombia, Dec 24, 1946
Comoros, Oct 28, 1976
Congo, Democratic Republic of, Sep 28, 1963
Congo, Republic of, Jul 10, 1963
Costa Rica, Jan 8, 1946
Cote d’Ivoire, Mar 11, 1963
Croatia, Feb 25, 1993
Cyprus, Dec 21, 1961
Czech Republic, Jan 1, 1993
Denmark, Mar 30, 1946
Djibouti, Oct 1, 1980
Dominica, Sep 29, 1980
Dominican Republic, Sep 18, 1961
Ecuador, Dec 28, 1945
Egypt, Arab Republic of, Dec 27, 1945
El Salvador, Mar 14, 1946
Equatorial Guinea, Jul 1, 1970
Eritrea, Jul 6, 1994
Estonia, Jun 23, 1992
Eswatini, Sep 22, 1969
Ethiopia, Dec 27, 1945
Fiji, May 28, 1971
Finland, Jan 14, 1948
France, Dec 27, 1945
Gabon, Sep 10, 1963
Gambia, The, Oct 18, 1967
Georgia, Aug 7, 1992
Germany, Aug 14, 1952
Ghana, Sep 20, 1957
Greece, Dec 27, 1945
Grenada, Aug 27, 1975
Guatemala, Dec 28, 1945
Guinea, Sep 28, 1963
Guinea-Bissau, Mar 24, 1977
Guyana, Sep 26, 1966
Haiti, Sep 8, 1953
Honduras, Dec 27, 1945
Hungary, Jul 7, 1982
Iceland, Dec 27, 1945
India, Dec 27, 1945
Indonesia, Apr 13, 1967
Iran, Islamic Republic of, Dec 29, 1945
Iraq, Dec 27, 1945
Ireland, Aug 8, 1957
Israel, Jul 12, 1954
Italy, Mar 27, 1947
Jamaica, Feb 21, 1963
Japan, Aug 13, 1952
Jordan, Aug 29, 1952
Kazakhstan, Jul 23, 1992
Kenya, Feb 3, 1964
Kiribati, Sep 29, 1986
Korea, Republic of, Aug 26, 1955
Kosovo, Jun 29, 2009
Kuwait, Sep 13, 1962
Kyrgyz Republic, Sep 18, 1992
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Jul 5, 1961
Latvia, Aug 11, 1992
Lebanon, Apr 14, 1947
Lesotho, Jul 25, 1968

Country / Date of Membership

Liberia, Mar 28, 1962
Libya, Sep 17, 1958
Lithuania, Jul 6, 1992
Luxembourg, Dec 27, 1945
Madagascar, Sep 25, 1963
Malawi, Jul 19, 1965
Malaysia, Mar 7, 1958
Maldives, Jan 13, 1978
Mali, Sep 27, 1963
Malta, Sep 26, 1983
Marshall Islands, May 21, 1992
Mauritania, Sep 10, 1963
Mauritius, Sep 23, 1968
Mexico, Dec 31, 1945
Micronesia, Federated States of, Jun 24, 1993
Moldova, Aug 12, 1992
Mongolia, Feb 14, 1991
Montenegro, Jan 18, 2007
Morocco, Apr 25, 1958
Mozambique, Sep 24, 1984
Myanmar, Jan 3, 1952
Namibia, Sep 25, 1990
Nauru, Apr 12, 2016
Nepal, Sep 6, 1961
Netherlands, Dec 27, 1945
New Zealand, Aug 31, 1961
Nicaragua, Mar 14, 1946
Niger, Apr 24, 1963
Nigeria, Mar 30, 1961
North Macedonia, Feb 25, 1993
Norway, Dec 27, 1945
Oman, Dec 23, 1971
Pakistan, Jul 11, 1950
Palau, Dec 16, 1997
Panama, Mar 14, 1946
Papua New Guinea, Oct 9, 1975
Paraguay, Dec 28, 1945
Peru, Dec 31, 1945
Philippines, Dec 27, 1945
Poland, Jun 27, 1986
Portugal, Mar 29, 1961
Qatar, Sep 25, 1972
Romania, Dec 15, 1972
Russian Federation, Jun 16, 1992
Rwanda, Sep 30, 1963
Samoa, Jun 28, 1974
San Marino, Sep 21, 2000
Sao Tome and Principe, Sep 30, 1977
Saudi Arabia, Aug 26, 1957
Senegal, Aug 31, 1962
Serbia, Feb 25, 1993
Seychelles, Sep 29, 1980
Sierra Leone, Sep 10, 1962
Singapore, Aug 3, 1966
Slovak Republic, Jan 1, 1993
Slovenia, Feb 25, 1993
Solomon Islands, Sep 22, 1978
Somalia, Aug 31, 1962
South Africa, Dec 27, 1945
South Sudan, Apr 18, 2012
Spain, Sep 15, 1958
Sri Lanka, Aug 29, 1950
St. Kitts and Nevis, Aug 15, 1984
St. Lucia, Jun 27, 1980
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Aug 31, 1982
Sudan, Sep 5, 1957
Suriname, Jun 27, 1978
Sweden, Aug 31, 1951
Switzerland, May 29, 1992
Syrian Arab Republic, Apr 10, 1947
Tajikistan, Jun 4, 1993
Tanzania, Sep 10, 1962
Thailand, May 3, 1949
Timor-Leste, Jul 23, 2002
Togo, Aug 1, 1962
Tonga, Sep 13, 1985
Trinidad and Tobago, Sep 16, 1963
Tunisia, Apr 14, 1958
Türkiye, Mar 11, 1947
Turkmenistan, Sep 22, 1992
Tuvalu, Jun 24, 2010
Uganda, Sep 27, 1963
Ukraine, Sep 3, 1992
United Arab Emirates, Sep 22, 1972
United Kingdom, Dec 27, 1945
United States, Dec 27, 1945
Uruguay, Mar 11, 1946
Uzbekistan, Sep 21, 1992
Vanuatu, Sep 28, 1981
Venezuela, Republica Bolivariana de, Dec 30, 1946
Vietnam, Sep 21, 1956
Yemen, Republic of, Oct 3, 1969
Zambia, Sep 23, 1965
Zimbabwe, Sep 29, 1980

The World Bank in Europe and Central Asia

Overview

GDP (current US$)

The Russian Federation’s war with Ukraine has triggered a catastrophic humanitarian crisis and threatened the stability of geopolitical relations. Economic output in the Europe and Central Asia region is forecast to contract by more than 4.1% in 2022—the second major shock and regional recession in two years. Moreover, the war has added to mounting concerns of a sharp global growth slowdown.

The economic impact of the conflict has reverberated through multiple global channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade and migration links, and confidence. Neighboring countries in the Europe and Central Asia region are likely to suffer considerable economic damage because of their strong trade, financial, and migration links with Ukraine and Russia.

Pandemic disruptions amid rising COVID-19 cases in some major economies have contributed to financial and commodity market volatility, and could ultimately weigh on global growth prospects. The war has also raised the likelihood of a destabilizing wave of refugees, widespread financial stresses among some emerging and developing economies, a de-anchoring of inflation expectations, and food insecurity. A protracted conflict is likely to heighten policy uncertainty and fragment global trade and investment networks.

Policy makers need to ensure that they are better prepared to handle future crises as part of a commitment to a comprehensive approach to bolster resilient, inclusive, and green development. They should fortify their macroeconomic policy buffers and institutions to strengthen stability; promote an inclusive and more equal recovery by strengthening their social protection systems to protect the most vulnerable, including the refugees; and keep their focus on improving energy efficiency and green transition to secure a sustainable future.

Updated 10 April 2022

World Bank Regional Strategy

The World Bank Group works with countries in Europe and Central Asia to eliminate poverty and promote shared prosperity, through boosting human capital, enabling markets, facilitating green transitions, and building & strengthening institutions.

Boosting human capital for inclusive productivity in a world of changing work. This includes continuing to address near-term risks to human capital due to the COVID-19 crisis, including emergency health and social relief, while helping our clients to build adaptive and inclusive human capital through access to quality health, education, social protection services and jobs.

Enabling markets for the private sector to compete in the knowledge-intensive global economy. In addition to helping our clients reinvigorate private investment to support the crisis recovery, this means working to raise productivity and development of a competitive private sector through critical market reforms, public-private partnerships, financial sector diversification, productivity-enhancing digitization, and fintech to increase access to finance.

Facilitating green transitions to low-carbon, sustainable economies. We will help our clients with innovative engagements to support decarbonization, natural capital renewal, climate & disaster risk management, inclusive infrastructure, and just transitions.

Building and strengthening institutions to be open and responsive and to deliver quality services to people. In addition to continuing to work on long-standing issues as part of the crisis response and recovery, this means ensuring sound macro-financial policies & regulatory frameworks; debt management; strengthening institutions, governance & state effectiveness, including SOE reforms; and policy & institutional modernization to support infrastructure services.

Results

We work with client countries to fight poverty and boost shared prosperity by helping them build more responsible institutions, increase private investment, improve service delivery, upgrade infrastructure, protect the environment, support human development, and empower marginalized groups.

In order to deliver integrated solutions that help countries address their development challenges, we regularly look at where we are achieving results and making an impact. By measuring and monitoring those results, we can then improve the way we support our clients and achieve better development outcomes.

Find out more about our results in Europe and Central Asia.

Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS)

Middle-income countries interested in highly specific knowledge services that exceed what the Bank can finance from its own resources are increasingly accessing Bank technical expertise using Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS).

Analytical Work Highlights

In addition to its financial products and RASs, the Bank produces important research about critical issues in the region. Through its analytical work, the World Bank aims to bring global knowledge and adapt it to the needs of ECA countries.

Find out more about our publications and research on Europe and Central Asia.

European Union, European Commission, and other institutions

The World Bank’s ECA region has a strategic partnership with the European Union (EU), and is working with the European Commission (EC) and European international financial institutions (IFIs) to improve the capacity of ECA’s EU-member clients to absorb EU funds.

The Bank works closely together with EU institutions, European IFIs (European Investment Bank [EIB] and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development [EBRD]), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as part of the second Vienna Initiative, which aims to improve banking systems and coordination among banking regulators in EU and non-EU countries.

The World Bank Group, the EBRD, and the EIB Group came together in November 2012 for a new Joint International Financial Institution (IFI) Action Plan. One of the most important priorities under the Action Plan was to ensure continued financing for SMEs that are key drivers of innovation and job creation in the region.

ECA works on Roma inclusion across the region in collaboration with various partners, including the European Commission, the Roma Education Fund, and a variety of national Roma agencies.

The Bank is also working with the EurAsian Economic Community’s (EURASEC) Anti-Crisis Fund and with the Eurasian Development Bank to provide parallel financing for low-income ECA countries.

The World Bank in Kazakhstan

Spillovers from Russia’s economic collapse will disrupt Kazakhstan’s supply chains and dent its growth prospects. Real GDP growth is expected to slow to 1.5-2.0 percent in 2022.

Featured

Research and Artificial Intelligence Saving Lives

Read a story on the results of the Fostering Productive Innovation Project in Kazakhstan.

Air Quality Report

Cleaner residential heating is key to reducing air pollution in Kazakhstan’s cities, says new World Bank study.

Concerns over sugary drink taxes are overblown

Concerns over slower economic growth, business and job loss from a tax on sugary drinks have little evidence to support them.

Kazakhstan At-A-Glance

Kazakhstan has a land area equal to that of Western Europe but one of the lowest population densities globally. Strategically, it links the large and fast-growing markets of China and South Asia and those of Russia and Western Europe by road, rail, and a port on the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan has transitioned from lower-middle-income to upper-middle-income status in less than two decades.

The World Bank In Lebanon

Ponzi Finance?

Public finance in post-civil war Lebanon has been an instrument for systematic capture of the country’s resources

Environmental Recovery and Solid Waste Management

New grant will help Lebanon mitigate the environmental and health impacts.

Housing Reconstruction and Social Recovery support

Two new grants will improve the lives of vulnerable population groups and the livelihoods of artisans, craftspeople and creators.

Lebanon At-A-Glance

The World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework FY17-FY22 for the Lebanese Republic is focused on scaling up access to and quality of service delivery; and expanding economic opportunities and increasing human capital. It was informed by a broad range of consultations with the Government, Parliament, the private sector and civil society.

Всемирный банк

Из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

фр. Banque mondiale
исп. Banco Mundial

В настоящее время под Всемирным банком фактически понимают две организации:

В разное время к ним присоединились созданные для решения задач Всемирного банка ещё три организации [5] :

The World Bank In Bhutan

The Kingdom of Bhutan is considered a development success story, with decreasing poverty and improvements in human development indicators. The Bank’s engagement in Bhutan is aimed at supporting the government’s goal of Gross National Happiness.

Featured

Bhutan Development Update

Bhutan is expected to grow by 4.4%, supported by vaccinations, easing of mobility restrictions, and ongoing fiscal support.

New Country Partnership for Bhutan

The 2021-2024 Country Partnership Framework will support Bhutan’s inclusive and sustainable development, jobs, and resilience.

World Bank in Bhutan and COVID-19

Bhutan At-A-Glance

The Kingdom of Bhutan is a small, mountainous, landlocked country in South Asia, located in the eastern Himalayas, bordered by India and China. Bhutan is home to a population of about 770,000 spread over approximately 38,394 square kilometers, with about 71 percent of its land under forest cover.

World Bank Open Data

Free and open access to global development data

MOST RECENT

Improved governance and increased investment needed to tackle world water crisis

Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land: A Companion Guide for Cognitive Interviewing

Precious metal prices pressured by rising interest rates and weaker economic activity

Data brings new perspectives to watershed conservation

Extreme Poverty

The proportion of the world’s population living in extreme poverty has dropped significantly

Over 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet and most live in lower-middle-income countries.

More Resources

Open Data Catalog

Provides a listing of available World Bank datasets, including databases, pre-formatted tables, reports, and other resources.

DataBank

An analysis and visualisation tool that contains collections of time series data on a variety of topics.

Microdata Library

Provides access to data collected through sample surveys of households, business establishments or other facilities.

Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals

Guides readers through the Sustainable Development Goals using interactive storytelling and innovative data visualizations.

International Debt Statistics

Provides access to comprehensive annual statistics on external debt stocks and flows for 120 developing countries.

International Comparison Program

Explore purchasing power parities (PPPs), price levels, economic data and the methodology behind the world’s largest statistical partnership.

World Development Indicators

The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources.

Open Finances

Explore raw data about the World Bank Group’s finances, including disbursements and management of global funds.

Projects & Operations

Provides access to basic information on all of the World Bank’s lending projects from 1947 to the present.

Open Data Toolkit

Provides an understanding of Open Data and how to get «up to speed» in planning and implementing an open data program.

Living Standards Measurement Study

Supports countries in conducting multi-topic household surveys to generate high-quality data, improve survey methods and build capacity.

Global Consumption Database

A one-stop source of data on household consumption patterns in developing countries.

The World Bank in Tajikistan

In 2022, Tajikistan’s economy is expected to contract by about 2% as result of the war in Ukraine. The main driver of this contraction is a projected 40% fall in remittances, which is expected to lead to sharply lower private consumption and investment.

Featured

Nurek Hydropower Plant Rehabilitation

Infographic on the World Bank investments in Nurek Hydropower Plant rehabilitation (May 2022).

Supporting Women Farmers

The Agriculture Commercialization Project in Tajikistan is helping expand business opportunities for women farmers.

Towards Gender Equality In Labor Market

Our recent study reveals how stark is the gender gap in Tajikistan’s labor market.

Tajikistan At-A-Glance

Over the past decade, Tajikistan has made steady progress reducing poverty and growing its economy. Between 2000 and 2019, the poverty rate fell from 83% of the population to 26.3%, while the economy grew at an average rate of 7% per year. However, economic growth was not inclusive or sustainable during that period. Job creation was slow and unable to keep pace with a fast-growing population.

Benchmarking Infrastructure Development

Benchmarking Infrastructure Development 2020 assesses the quality of regulatory frameworks worldwide to develop large infrastructure projects, benchmarking them with internationally recognized good practices.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)

Contractual arrangements for providing a public asset or service, in which a private party bears significant risk as well as management and operational responsibility.

Traditional Public Investment (TPI)

Contractual arrangement for providing a public asset or service, in which the procuring authority retains the majority of the risk and budgetary resources are directly allocated to fund and finance the project.

Reports

Our reports present the key findings from our benchmarking exercise, highlighting good regulatory practices to prepare, procure and manage large infrastructure projects.

Benchmarking Infrastructure Development 2020

Benchmarking Infrastructure Development 2020 builds on the success of the Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018, which focused specifically on PPPs. It updates the assessment for PPPs in 140 economies and expands its thematic coverage to include the assessment of TPIs in 40 pilot economies.

The World Bank In Indonesia

Having maintained political stability, Indonesia is one of East Asia Pacific’s most vibrant democracies, emerging as a confident middle-income country.

Featured

Indonesia Economic Prospects, June 2022

Global conditions pose risks for growth and inflation outlook in Indonesia, new World Bank report says.

The role model of sustainable landscapes in Indonesia

From land governance to carbon payments, Jambi has the potential to be an example of successful integrated landscape management.

Mangrove Conservation and Restoration

A new report provides a set of economically-sound scenarios to achieve greener, more resilient Indonesia’s mangrove ecosystems.

Indonesia At-A-Glance

Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the world’s 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, and a member of the G-20. An emerging middle-income country, Indonesia has made enormous gains in poverty reduction, cutting the poverty rate to more than half since 1999, to 9.8% in 2018.

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Women, Business and the Law Data for 1971-2022

Explore trends over time with annual data for 190 economies during the period from 1971 to 2022 (calendar years 1970 to 2021).

Toward Available, Affordable, and Quality Childcare Services

Explore a data set of non-scored questions as part of the pilot research on the availability, affordability, and quality of childcare services in 95 economies. The pilot research presents a new conceptual framework for measuring the legal environment for childcare provision.

Measuring the Legal Environment in Practice

Explore a data set of non-scored questions as part of the pilot research on the implementation of laws in 25 economies. This pilot project presents a new conceptual framework for measuring the implementation gap by examining supportive frameworks for primary legislation and expert opinions of laws in practice.

The Rights of Women with Disabilities

Explore a data set of 4 non-scored questions as part of the pilot research on the legal rights of women with disabilities in 176 economies. The research was developed with the support of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework Implementation Support Unit (ESF ISU).

Women, Business and the Law added research questions related to policy measures introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic to its data collection questionnaires. Explore a data set covering three main areas: childcare measures, access to court systems, and safeguarding women’s health and safety.

Explore a data set of 14 non-scored questions (years 2017, 2019, and 2020), including data on child marriage, customary law, citizenship, sexual harassment, and access to ID cards.

Our Data Out There

WBG Gender Data Portal

Breaking barriers: the path to equality

Women have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. And gender equality is critical to recovery from the pandemic. Yet women in many countries still face barriers throughout their working lives. But what barriers? Where? And how big is the economic cost?

Women’s Rights Are Improving Worldwide

The CATO Institute looked at 19 of Women, Business and the Law questions that they felt best measured gender equality. The data show that gender inequality worldwide has fallen significantly since 1970.

The Rocky Road To Gender Equality: Are Women Better Off Now Than In 1970?

Fifty years ago, women had, on average, less than half the legal rights of men. In many countries, they weren’t allowed to work in industrial jobs and there was no law protecting them against gender-based discrimination at work. Paid leave for mothers was offered in just a few countries and legislation addressing domestic violence was practically nonexistent. Over the past few decades, many countries have made reforms toward greater gender equality, but despite this progress, women still face regulations that restrict their economic opportunities.

SME Finance Forum

The SME Finance identified and categorized Women Business and the Law 2021 questions and indicators of relevance for SME finance as a first step to systematically aggregate gender data to understand the factors, monitor trends and progress.

Generation Equality: Women Deliver

Girls’ and women’s rights are human rights, and advancing gender equality is fundamental to ensuring the health, freedom, dignity, and liberty of all people.

World Bank and Parliamentarians

Featured

The 2022 Global Parliamentary Forum was held virtually during the World Bank Group and IMF Spring Meetings on April 14-20.

Young parliamentarians are at the forefront of innovation to advance learning outcomes

Parliamentarians and key donors embarked on a virtual field visit to the Sahel region of Africa during.

Overview

By virtue of their mandate, Members of Parliament (MPs) stand as valued partners to the World Bank: they enact laws, debate and approve foreign aid budgets and loans, shape and review development policies, and hold governments accountable for World Bank-financed programs, thus building political will and financial support for global development priorities. And through its engagement with elected representatives, the World Bank effectively integrates citizens’ voices into its programs to achieve lasting and inclusive country outcomes.

Parliamentarians, in turn, have an interest in engaging with the World Bank: both because of the amount of resources it channels to the many countries in which it operates, and because it is an important source of knowledge and information on how to achieve development results.

How do we engage?

Global

Global Parliamentary Conferences and Workshops on the occasion of the Spring and Annual Meetings enable MPs to engage with World Bank senior management and experts on development issues.

Field visits (both in person and virtual) offer a first-hand look at World Bank programs on the ground in recipient countries and encourage peer-learning and exchanges.

The Global Young MP Initiative provides a platform for MPs under 40 years old to foster understanding and facilitate collaboration on development issues facing youth.

Regional and Country

Thematic briefings link MPs with World Bank senior management and experts to better inform them on pressing development issues for improved policies, reforms, and oversight.

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Food Security Update: Food Price Inflation Remains High

World Water Week 2022

A New Tool in the Fight Against Climate Change

The World Bank and Ukraine

Join Us

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Our Mission

The World Bank Group has two goals,

We engage the development community with real-world statistics