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How the Launch Works

Introduction

Worldcoin is launching by giving as many people as possible a share of a new currency.

Imagine a world where everyone around the globe, regardless of who they are, could participate in the growing digital economy and benefit from decentralized, collective ownership. What would it take to get there?

The first step is getting the same currency into the hands of as many people as possible. The more people there are that collectively hold and use the same currency, the more useful that currency becomes for each participant. While it’s not hard to see that widespread adoption is desirable, every currency faces a coordination problem on the way: it is difficult to convince new users to adopt a currency that is not widely held, but it is hard to reach widespread adoption unless enough users participate.

Worldcoin aims to overcome this coordination problem by aligning the incentives of all participants and allocating the majority of the currency to as many unique new users as possible as an incentive to join the network.

There were many technical challenges along the way. In the following sections, we describe our design decisions for different aspects of the problem including biometrics, hardware, crypto and economics. But to start, we want to offer a glimpse into what the global launch of Worldcoin might look like by providing the results from our field tests, which have been underway for months now!

Field Tests: Towards 1 Billion Sign-Ups & Beyond

It is core to the mission of Worldcoin that the network is not built and run by a single entity, but instead by entrepreneurial individuals all around the world who apply to receive an Orb to run independent operations in their communities. We call these individuals Orb Operators and give them the autonomy to build their operations from the ground up, doing everything from running their own marketing campaigns to collaborating with local partners.

In order to test this model and technology, we have onboarded twenty-five Operators that run more than thirty devices in twelve countries across four continents (Africa, South America, Europe and Asia). In the coming months, the scale of these tests will increase as hundreds more devices and Orb Operators come online. After launch and an initial Orb production ramp-up phase, around four thousand devices will be distributed per month.

So far, the best performing Operators have been able to onboard around one thousand users per Orb per week, with our best performing Operator even signing up 2,198 users in one week with a single Orb. They have achieved these results despite using prototype devices (which are slower than the production model), facing frequent COVID disruptions, and not having the benefit of a public Worldcoin presence. In the four weeks before this post was published, the average weekly sign-up rate across all Operators was 764 per Orb and 1,069 per Operator.

To illustrate the success and potential of these Operators, we will dive deeper into the operations from the following five countries: Chile, Kenya, Indonesia, Sudan and France.

Chile

Currently, the longest-active Orb Operator in the world is based here. He has managed to sign up over eighteen thousand users in a little over six months by running his operations like a business. He employs twenty people who work in shifts—at any given time, he has four people supporting his Orb operation. This allows him to keep his Orb active for eight hours a day, every day. His commitment to the project and its vision is astounding—while he normally operates out of Santiago, he aims to spread the project all throughout Chile, occasionally flying his team to smaller, more remote Chilean towns to operate and give away Worldcoin.

Orb Operator in Chile

«I wake up every day knowing that we are educating hundreds of people about the future of tech. It is a real honor to be able to give them access to a new financial system run by the people, not by centralized organizations like governments and banks. We’re building Singapore in Chile…unlocking opportunities for everyone.»

Kenya

One of the Orb Operators in Kenya typically partners with universities to run sign-up events. He has assembled a team of over thirty people so far. At optimal capacity, he runs events six days a week, all at different universities. At each event, he signs up between three and four hundred people. As word of what he was doing spread, universities around the country began to invite him to their campuses. To keep up with this ever-increasing demand, he will often run two events concurrently in different locations, splitting up his four Orbs to efficiently sign up more people.

Orb Operator in Kenya

«Worldcoin has been an absolute eye-opener for me. It has been amazing to see cryptocurrency take off like this here in Kenya. Kenyans have been using mobile money for ages and see the possibility for Worldcoin to take things one step further: to help us become a cashless society. When it comes to people with no prior crypto knowledge, I love taking them through the history of cryptocurrency and explaining how Worldcoin will open up a whole new world for them. I do also like taking on the skeptics and the naysayers—I like the challenge!»

Indonesia

The best-performing Orb Operator is currently based here, signing up over thirty thousand users in a little over four months. In his first week as an Operator, he set the highest single weekly sign-up total (at the time). Since then, he has partnered with one of the biggest food delivery companies in the country to sign up its drivers, rented out a storefront in a shopping mall to capitalize on high foot-traffic, and even ran a campaign to sign up all the residents of a nearby village. The village campaign was so successful that he expanded the initiative to either other villages.

Orb Operator in Indonesia

Sudan

The four Orb Operators in Sudan secure partnerships with coffee stores in Khartoum and strike deals with various Sudanese influencers to market Worldcoin. Each Operator runs a large team that, out of pure passion, works up to fourteen hours a day. On a busy day, people will often wait up to three hours to sign up. To support this demand, the Operators recently booked out the largest and most well-known venue in Khartoum to run an event at which they aim to sign up over a thousand people in a single day.

Orb Operator in Sudan

«I get to meet new people every day and give them something that may benefit them in the future. We have suffered a lot financially here in Sudan, so getting a chance to add value to my community is really fulfilling.»

France

This Operator has established a team of 15 people, mostly local students, and ensures that they are well-trained about Worldcoin and cryptocurrency in general. He has set up a digital platform for his employees so that they can easily book a time slot to use the Orb. He has also created a very detailed incentive system for his employees that rewards them for both additional employee referrals and performance in the field. He and his team operate around Paris’s famed Châtelet metro station, the biggest underground train station in the world.

Orb Operator in France

«There are two main reasons I believe the project will succeed: accessibility and equality. Worldcoin offers what has been missing in the crypto-sphere for a while now: equal opportunity to enter the world of DeFi for free. Worldcoin’s approach is simple and will give access to millions, if not billions of people.»

Our Operators

Using the numbers we have seen in the field, we decided to conduct a thought experiment to make these results more tangible and help visualize what could happen with increased Orb production. The figure below demonstrates how cumulative sign-ups over time could increase significantly as more Orbs come online. Although we anticipate that there will be all kinds of saturation effects and other complications, we believe that there is a path for this model to onboard billions of users.

Fig. 1

Thought Experiment
Schematic visualization of how Orb performance (sign-ups per week) could increase with the planned production schedule. The lower end illustrates an average of 350 sign-ups per week, while the maximum is at 1400. The dotted line represents 700 sign-ups per week, which is approximately equal to the average performance observed in the field in early October 2021. This is by no means a prediction but rather an oversimplified model to visualize some different scaling scenarios.

Testing Sign-ups
Testing data since May, 2021, showing key operator milestones and cumulative field test sign-ups. So far, over 130,000 users have signed up to Worldcoin, with 60,000 of these sign-ups coming in just the last four weeks. All of this has been achieved with less than 30 prototype Orbs in the field.

We are thrilled by these results—they show that our strategy for getting crypto into the hands of as many people as possible just might work. Of course, these are still early days and achieving widespread adoption is really just the beginning, but these results are certainly promising.

In the following sections, we want to present the technical challenges that we needed to solve in order to get to this point.

Solving The “Unique-Human” Problem

Many other approaches to Proof-of-Personhood [9, 10, 11] have been deployed. Some of these use social verification to ensure accounts are owned by unique humans. This often requires that existing users meet (physically or virtually) new users and deposit some form of financial stake that can be taken away in case of fraud. Social verification systems may lead to a robust Proof-of-Personhood, but they also face difficult scaling challenges.

Biometric approaches (e.g., Aadhaar in India) are promising as they are both accessible and enable accurately verifying uniqueness. The key challenges for biometric approaches are related to privacy, fraud detection, and scalability. We believe that recent advances in technology offer a way to solve these issues.

Worldcoin leverages biometrics, cryptography, and incentives to create an elegant, scalable, and privacy-preserving solution to the “unique-human problem”. The following sections describe how the system works and details how we plan to deploy it globally.

Using Biometrics To Ensure Human-Uniqueness

Verification & Identification

At their core, biometric systems usually consist of:

Embeddings are designed so that one can calculate a distance (in the sense of similarity) between two embeddings. If this distance is above a certain threshold, the two embeddings are assumed to belong to different people.

One typically distinguishes between two modes of operation for biometric systems: verification and identification.

Verification is the most familiar use case of biometrics. For example, access to a building may require a keycard and a fingerprint scan. Here, fingerprint verification helps ensure that a stolen keycard cannot be used to enter the building. Behind the scenes, the keycard is linked to an embedding in the database, which is compared to the one of the scanned finger.

FaceID works in the same way. But instead of the user providing a keycard, the phone already knows which face(s) it needs to compare to as the database of users consists of only a single user.

In the case of identification, there is no keycard available to help: the biometric system has to determine a user’s identity from the biometric scan alone. A common use case for biometric identification is in forensics where, for example, a fingerprint or DNA sample is compared with every entry in a database to identify a suspect.

Schematic explanation of the difference between biometric verification and identification:

While verification only requires comparison to a single piece of data, identification requires searching an entire database for a match.

Biometric Proof-of-Personhood

A biometric system can be used as the foundation for Proof-of-Personhood by ensuring each person can only register once. Similar to biometric identification, the system needs to compare each user’s embedding to every other entry in the database. If none match, the user’s registration is successful and their embedding is added to the database. If there is a match, the user has likely registered before and is therefore rejected.

However, there is a significant challenge with this approach: the identification problem becomes increasingly difficult with a growing database. Issues with search complexity and performance come into play, but more importantly, the system starts making more errors while trying to match users. These errors are largely governed by the “false match rate” (FMR). The FMR measures the likelihood that two biometric scans are incorrectly considered the same. At the scale of billions of users, the FMR must be extremely small to avoid frequently rejecting legitimate new users.

The key to being able to scale such a system to onboard billions of people is capturing an information-rich biometric source at a high level of fidelity. The more information the source contains, the lower the probability of false matches.

The likelihood of incorrectly rejecting legitimate new users is related to the Birthday Problem [12] : in a group of n randomly chosen people, how large should n be for two people to share the same birthday with a probability greater than 50%. The answer, 23, is counterintuitively low and demonstrates how likely random collisions are. In our specific implementation it turns out that the FMR has to decrease quadratically with the total number of expected users. To keep false rejections low at the scale of one billion users, the FMR needs to be below 1e-12 (that’s one in a trillion).

Iris Recognition Ensures Uniqueness, Fraud Resistance, And Practicality

We evaluated many different technologies and believe that iris recognition is the best-suited for our biometric approach to Proof-of-Personhood.Compared to other biometric methods, like face recognition, fingerprints and DNA sequencing, iris recognition stands out by simultaneously satisfying the following three criteria:

On a global scale, a biometric uniqueness check must confidently distinguish each person from every other person. The information density of the iris is high enough to allow this, and no two irises are alike (even for identical twins). It also turns out that it is possible to capture most of this information with high-resolution imaging of the iris.

The same is not true for today’s face recognition technology: at the scale of billions of people, there is simply not enough information in, for example, a selfie to reliably tell people apart. Even advanced algorithms such as neural networks can’t help.

The information of the iris pattern is distilled into an embedding, in our case the so-called IrisHash, which is derived from a one-way function with the iris image as the input. This code is stored in a database and is the only data used for checking uniqueness. Under this approach, the original image of the iris does not need to be stored anywhere.

We describe this in more detail in our post on privacy.

We target an FMR of 1e-6 per eye (thus 1e-12 for both eyes combined). At a scale of one billion people, we estimate that around 0.05% of users will be accidentally rejected. We also target a false non-match rate (FNMR) of 1/7000, such that (on average) a user has to try signing up seven thousand times before they can register twice.

Using the iris also enables a strong degree of fraud-resistance. In the context of our biometric uniqueness check, this means we need to reliably detect if someone attempts to spoof the biometric capture (e.g., using animals or special contact lenses). Since cheating a uniqueness check only requires looking different than any existing user, the fraud resistance property of the iris is critical. The iris is inherently hard to modify and enables better ways to verify liveness compared to other common biometrics like faces and fingerprints.

Schematic representation illustrating the importance of high-quality imaging for decreasing error:

Here we sample pairwise comparisons by calculating the distances between embeddings. Since we do this on an evaluation dataset, we know the ground truth and can plot the two distributions: the match distribution for pairs of the same identity (blue) and non-match distribution for pairs of different identity (red).

In a perfect system, the match-distribution would be a very narrow peak at zero. However, multiple sources of error widen the distribution, leading to more overlap with the non-match distribution and therefore increasing False Match and False Non-Match rates. High quality image acquisition narrows the match-distribution significantly and therefore minimizes errors. The width of the non-match distribution is determined by the amount of information that is extracted by the biometric algorithm: the more information is encoded in the embeddings the narrower the distribution.

Ensuring Human-Uniqueness At Scale: The Orb

Using iris recognition for a scalable Proof-of-Personhood requires an iris scanner that’s secure, high-resolution, and easy-to-use. We searched for existing devices that meet these requirements at a global scale, but found none. For this reason, Worldcoin developed the Orb.

A photo (not a render) of the Orb production model. The device has a diameter of 20 centimeters and weighs around 2.5 kg (5 lbs). The surface of the Orb is mirror chrome. An LED ring guides the user through the sign-up process. Behind the black surfaces, the Orb has an eye-imaging system, infrared LEDs for illumination, and a fraud-detection system. An exchangeable battery is accessible from below to enable continuous mobile operation.

High Resolution Imaging Is Key For Biometric Systems At Scale

The primary function of the Orb is to capture detailed images of a person’s eyes, and convert them to an IrisHash. From the outside, the UX is simple: users simply look into the camera (which is behind the black surfaces) and press a button. On the inside of the Orb, a custom optical system automatically finds the user’s eyes and brings them into focus. The Orb then captures high-resolution images of both irises at multiple infrared wavelengths, then uses them to locally compute the user’s IrisHashes.

To work at scale, the Orb must reliably capture high-quality iris images across a variety of lighting conditions and distances from the user. This adaptability is achieved using a combination of custom optics hardware and machine learning. To quickly find the user’s eyes, the Orb uses a movable mirror that is guided by a neural network. Once the eye is in-frame, another neural network controls a custom liquid lens to focus on the detailed patterns in the user’s iris. All of this happens while the Orb’s infrared LEDs are adaptively illuminating the eye, ensuring consistent images across lighting environments.

To reduce complexity, the majority of commercial iris scanners today use goggles to align the subject precisely with the camera and block external light.

On a high level, the Orb performs the following tasks:

Scan QR code
The device scans a QR code on the user’s phone such that she can later prove that she has signed up.

Capture Images After scanning the QR code the device captures multiple high-resolution multispectral images of the user.

Generate IrisHash Based on the captured images, the device calculates a unique IrisHash through a one-way function.

Verify integrity
A custom set of security sensors ensures that the sign-up is legitimate.

The Orb’s Security Measures Resist Fraudulent Activity

Security is core to the Orb’s design. After all, Worldcoin requires trusting that the IrisHashes are legitimately produced by an Orb. The Orb’s security system ensures the authenticity of each IrisHash by robustly detecting a wide range of fraudulent behaviors. Broadly, we can classify such behavior as either spoofing or tampering.

Unlike iris scanners used at border checkpoints, the Orb is deployed to unsecured environments and used by independent Operators. This is made possible by the Orb’s secure design, and is a key requirement for scaling Worldcoin.

Spoofing attacks involve presenting the Orb with modified, fake, or non-human irises. For example, an attacker might show the Orb a photo of an iris or an animal iris, hoping to generate a unique IrisHash. To defend against attacks like this, we’ve equipped the Orb with a suite of multi-spectral sensors and custom fraud-detection algorithms. This advanced anti-spoofing system complements the iris imaging system, and operates locally on each device.

The Orb is also resilient to various forms of tampering, including attempts to modify its software, extract its cryptographic secrets, or disable its anti-spoofing system. This resilience is critical, since any of these intrusions might allow a hacker to generate fraudulent IrisHashes. The Orb’s embedded systems reliably detect advanced attacks of this kind, and prevent corresponding fraud.

No biometric system is impenetrable to spoofing or tampering, given enough resources. That said, we’re confident that the Orb’s state-of-the-art security systems will prevent fraud deemed profitable for a would-be attacker.

To further increase the difficulty of an attack, Orbs will be remotely monitored and compared to other Orbs. Such monitoring is based on non-biometric metadata from the Orb, including battery level, temperature, and network strength. Anomalies will be flagged and lead to Orbs being deactivated. This anomaly detection happens in the cloud and therefore comes with higher security guarantees than device-level spoof and tamper detection.

Aligning Incentives To Grow The Network

Left: Incentive model built around the Orb. Operators receive a reward for each sign-up, incentivizing them to maximize their sign-up rate.

Right: Orbs are a scarce resource and must be allocated to the most efficient Operators. To this end, short-term contracts for operating the Orbs are allocated to Operators via a bidding process.

While the Orbs are important to solve the unique-human problem, it must also be ensured that those Orbs are used in the most effective way. Therefore, each Orb will be handled by the Orb Operator whose task it is to explain Worldcoin to new users and to operate the Orb to help them sign up. Operators earn Worldcoin for each sign-up, which incentivizes them to maximize their sign-up rate (i.e., the number of sign-ups per week). Combined with the proof-of-personhood, this makes Worldcoin the first cryptocurrency to directly encode, into its trustless protocol, the economic incentives for users to join the network: giving every new user a share of its currency.

Cryptocurrencies like bitcoin typically pay miners for block production via issuance of its own currency. However, since Worldcoin and the Layer 2 are secured by the underlying Ethereum network, there is no need to incentivize miners or validators via the currency. Instead, the issuance of the currency can be directly allocated to users.

Still, one challenge is to find Operators that can actually achieve a high sign-up rate. This can be done at scale through a bidding process that allocates Orbs to the most efficient Operators. Concretely, Operators bid for the right to operate one or multiple Orbs for a defined period of time. Operators who sign up more users than others will achieve a higher monthly revenue, so they can be expected to submit higher bids, making them more likely to win the bidding process. Additional incentive structures are in place for promoting not only raw number of sign-ups, but also high-engagement of users and disincentivizing fraud. We will share more details about those mechanisms in the future.

The described incentive mechanism is core to Worldcoin. Of the fixed supply of 10 billion tokens, the vast majority will be given to users and Operators that are helping to launch Worldcoin through the protocol. To incentivize early adoption of the currency, the number of tokens that users and Operators receive per sign-up will decrease over time. Less than twenty percent of the total supply of tokens will be used to fund Orb production and initial protocol development. Three percent will be allocated to continued ecosystem development and maintenance (like grant issuances, for example).

Scaling A Cryptocurrency And Protecting Privacy

With the Orb, Worldcoin aims to onboard the first billion users into the world of cryptocurrency. We believe Worldcoin can reach this unprecedented scale by leveraging recent innovations in blockchain scalability and embracing compatibility with the existing crypto ecosystem. This section details our approach, including the mechanisms for ensuring user privacy once our token is live.

We expect most Worldcoin users to receive their account via the Orb, but this is not required. Anybody can create a Worldcoin account using any digital wallet built with our open-source SDK (see Wallet & SDK below). However, accounts created without an Orb do not receive free tokens at launch.

Scaling & Compatibility

Worldcoin aims for broad compatibility. The underlying token is based on Ethereum’s popular ERC-20 standard, enabling compatibility with many existing tools and services. In addition, our open-source SDKs (see Wallet & SDK) will make it very easy for developers to interact with the currency and the Layer 2.

Users are free to withdraw their funds to Ethereum mainnet or migrate through bridges to any Layer 2 on Ethereum (e.g., Optimism, Arbitrum, and many others) or even separate and aspiring ecosystems, such as Solana or Polkadot.

Account Privacy

Worldcoin inherits Ethereum’s privacy model: accounts are pseudonymous and transactions are public. Crucially, Worldcoin accounts are never associated with any biometric data from the Orb. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are the enabling technology behind this privacy-preserving biometric approach. We use the open-source Semaphore [19] zero-knowledge proof system to transfer the uniqueness of IrisHashes to the uniqueness of user accounts, without ever linking them.

A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) ensures a given statement is true, without disclosing any information about the statement (except that it’s true). For Worldcoin, the «statement» is «this account is associated with a unique IrisHash». And that statement is either true or false. The corresponding IrisHash is never revealed. Recent advances in zero-knowledge proofs have made their use on smartphones practical.

Phase 1: Sign-up and uniqueness check

Phase 2: Claiming Worldcoin

The «sequencer node» can operate trustlessly via optimistic verification in a smart contract. It also exists for optimization reasons. Users actually don’t submit proofs directly to a smart contract, but the sequencer first verifies and then batches them together with many other proofs.

Privacy
The whole process consists of two independent actions: Sign-up and Claim. The Orb sign-up links the IrisHash to the SemaphoreHash. This SemaphoreHash is never used publicly for anything that could be directly tied to the user. It is only used to prove membership within a set of registered users. However, this can be done through a zero knowledge proof that does not leak any other information about the user. This makes it possible for the verifier to check whether the user has signed up without knowing any identifiable information from the sign-up.

Wallet & SDKs For Usability And Compatibility

Worldcoin is designed to be the first widely-adopted cryptocurrency. Making this a reality means going further than having an inclusive launch: Worldcoin must be useful and understandable to people with no prior experience using digital money. In addition, users must be confident in the privacy and security of their accounts. Because of this, we are developing a mobile wallet application.

The wallet allows users to learn about Worldcoin and other cryptocurrencies, find Orb Operators, claim their share, view their balance, send global peer-to-peer payments, and use their Worldcoin throughout the Ethereum ecosystem. No central authority mediates transactions; users always have full control and ownership of their Worldcoin (i.e., the wallet is “non-custodial”), which they can back up if they choose.

Wallet
Illustrative wireframe, not actual product images.
For most people, Worldcoin will be their first contact with a cryptocurrency, and for some, their first with any kind of digital money. The applications of crypto are far bigger, but as the initial use-case for first-time users, the wallet will enable instant peer-to-peer payments to anyone in the world.

In addition to the wallet, we are developing a collection of open-source Software Development Kit (SDKs) to help developers build products around Worldcoin—things like alternative clients, tools for niche use-cases, digital tipping, in-store payments, and professional interfaces. These SDKs, coupled with pre-existing decentralized financial protocols, will allow anyone to serve the needs of local, regional, and global markets.

Most excitingly, these SDKs will eventually include zero-knowledge Proof-of-Personhood for third-party applications, maintaining user privacy as described in the Account Privacy section. While we built the Orb to help make Worldcoin a reality, we know this primitive can unlock much more. That’s why we want to give everyone the ability to reuse their already issued proofs to access other projects.

We believe the wallet and SDKs will help make Worldcoin — and the larger crypto ecosystem — more accessible and useful. We’re excited to share more details about these tools over the coming months.

What’s Next: A New Era For The Internet

There are many ways in which Worldcoin can have substantial positive effects on our society. Still, we strongly believe that how we accomplish this project is just as important as what we achieve. Our design approach is based as much on our own deeply-held values as on technical reasoning. We are choosing to prioritize user privacy, data security, openness, and broad accessibility, even when it means tackling some of today’s toughest engineering and operational challenges.

For example, building on Ethereum at this scale is more challenging than operating a custom, centralized blockchain, at least in the short-term. The same applies to the privacy approach using zero-knowledge proofs, which is on the edge of current research. But we think this is the right way to launch Worldcoin, and the effort will pay off in the long run for all of us.

If successful, Worldcoin will, within the first year, onboard hundreds of millions of new people who didn’t have access to this technology. This will hopefully result in many developers integrating Worldcoin into new and existing products. We believe the internet has entered a new era: Web3, where finally economic value and ownership are natively integrated into the web, and proof of personhood is critical. It is hard to imagine what new products this coming era will bring. Certainly, it will involve wider adoption of novel technologies and models of collaboration, like DAOs, NFTs, and decentralized exchanges.

There’s still a lot of work to do to enable and support a rapidly sprawling ecosystem of developers, entrepreneurs, and community builders. We are in the early stages of designing Worldcoin’s long-term governance strategy, grant programs, and partnerships roadmap. We are committed to following credible neutrality [20] as a key guiding principle in setting up these mechanisms.

There are still many challenges left, and we will continue our research on many of them, such as blockchain scalability, digital identity, and pseudonymous economies.

On a final note, while we are deeply committed to giving Worldcoin to everyone on Earth, legal uncertainty in some places means we will not deploy Orbs in these countries right away. That said, we will continue to explore ways to make this possible, including pushing for clearer rules, so that we can give Worldcoin to everyone, regardless of who they are or where they are from.

Join us and let’s build together!

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Источник

Worldcoin раскрыл свой план по раздаче бесплатных монет

Финансируемый криптотяжеловесами, новый криптоединорог Worldcoin раскрыл свой план раздачи бесплатных монет для ускорения глобального внедрения криптовалют.

Предоставление мировому населению бесплатной криптовалюты звучит как лунный проект, но 25 миллионов долларов при поддержке Andreessen Horowitz, Coinbase Ventures, 1confirmation, Blockchange и Day One Ventures, а также оценка в 1 миллиард долларов добавляют некоторый вес проекту Worldcoin. Соучредители Worldcoin сообщили, что в течение тестового периода приняли участие более 100 000 человек со всего мира, и проект стремится охватить более миллиарда человек в течение двух лет. Для сравнения, по состоянию на 2021 год во всем мире насчитывается более 300 миллионов криптопользователей.

Соучредитель и генеральный директор Worldcoin Алекс Блания сказал, что соучредители встретились в 2019 году и начали работать над проектом в начале 2020 года.

Worldcoin проверяет, реален ли человек, претендующий на свою бесплатную долю, проводя проверку с помощью пользовательского оборудования под названием Orb. Независимые предприниматели по всему миру будут использовать эти устройства как «операторов». Блания объяснил, что эти операторы вознаграждаются за каждого пользователя, которого они регистрируют в Worldcoin.

Упоминание сканирования глаз немедленно вызывает опасения в стиле «Большого Брата» по поводу конфиденциальности пользователей. Согласно объявлению, Orb преобразует сканирование глаза человека в цифровой код, чтобы исходное изображение «не нужно было хранить или загружать». Базовая система не будет связывать этот цифровой код с кошельками или транзакциями пользователей для сохранения конфиденциальности. Пользователи также могут участвовать в сети Worldcoin без сканирования глаз, но в таком случае они не смогут претендовать на бесплатные монеты.

Команда разрабатывает приложение для мобильного кошелька, чтобы упростить процесс адаптации. Это позволит осуществлять транзакции между пользователями и выступать в качестве навигатора для поиска близлежащих операторов Orb. Они стремятся к быстрому расширению с распределением 50 000 Orb в год, возможно, с предстоящими раундами финансирования в ближайшие месяцы.

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Coin World‪+‬ 4+

Amos Media Company

Diseñado para iPad

Capturas de pantalla

Descripción

Get a complete picture of coins from their history and grading to the Coin Values you’ve come to trust from Coin World (since 1960) and more.

Your coins have a voice. Discover it with Coin World+.

App features:
— Manage your Portfolio
— Build a Wantlist
— Scan to add coins
— Digitally authenticate your coins
— Identify coins with a tap
— See coin values, sale history and grading service data
— Tag coins securely with NFC technology
— Easily find buyers for specific coins
— Search and shop leading marketplaces
— Message other collectors
— Transact with them in-app
— Control your privacy

Novedades

— Filter your Coin World+ Inventory, Other inventory & Wantlist
— Minor bug fixes and enhancements

Privacidad de la app

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Los siguientes datos pueden usarse para rastrearte en apps y sitios web propiedad de otras empresas:

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Datos vinculados contigo

Los siguientes datos pueden recopilarse y vincularse con tu identidad:

Contenido del usuario

Las prácticas de privacidad pueden variar, por ejemplo, dependiendo de tu edad o de las funciones que uses. Más información

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Bitcoin World [Лохотрон] — наши отзывы о всемирной платформе по заработку

Bitcoin World – проект активно рекламируемый Александром Соловьевым. Молодой человек освоил заработок на добыче криптовалют и охотно делится своими успехами. Всего за два дня его доход превысил 3000 Евро. Внезапно обретенное богатство подтолкнуло Александра к активным действиям. Он создал блог, в котором делится секретом финансового успеха. Выделил 3000 Евро в качестве стартового капитала для первых тридцати участников. И готов искренне радоваться чужим достижениям. Только редакция нашего сайта просматривает во всей этой ванильно-зефирной истории наличие темных пятен и признаки обмана.

Об интересах Александра Соловьева и не только

Блог Александра Соловьева находится по адресу https://claa.bit-clicka.site/landings/alexander. Метод, который он пропагандирует, далек от реального процесса добычи криптовалюты. Рассказанная и показанная история с некими модулями, добывающими самую популярную электронную валюту за 2-10 минут это фантастика. Поверить в нее могут лишь лица, не имеющие никакого представления о крипте и принципах ее получения. Вычислительный процесс, осуществляемый с домашнего компьютера, планшета или телефона не способен принести даже тысячной доли обещанного дохода.

А Соловьев продолжает заливаться соловьем и рассказывает про высвобожденное время, которое можно будет потратить на себя. Про надежность предложенного способа и доступность со всех стран мира. Он готов отдать 10 Евро посторонним людям. Готов открыть бесценную информацию совершенно бесплатно. Но не готов услышать мнения читателей блога. На основной и единственной странице не предоставлены реквизиты для обратной связи. Нет возможности оставить отзыв или комментарий к увиденному.

Знакомство с платформой Bitcoin World

Переход к платформе Bitcoin World скрывается за небольшой желтой кнопкой, размещенной под видеороликом. Это действие перекидывает нас на страницу, адрес которой удивительно похож на адрес блога Александра Соловьева. Точнее, оба проекта размещены на одном доменном имени и являются отдельными страницами одного ресурса. Сравните сами:

Проект Bitcoin World встречает пользователя видео-приветствием технического директора компании, называющего себя Kert Hallik. На самом деле, это имя принадлежит всемирно известному игроку в покер. Его изображения и достижения можно найти в свободном доступе в сети. Нам доподлинно известно, что ролик записан с участием представителя действующей корпорации, занимающейся добычей криптовалюты в промышленных масштабах. Но текст оригинала звучит по другому. На видео был наложен нужный перевод и красивая история про работу таинственных модулей заиграла с новой силой. В голове здравомыслящих людей наверняка появилась мысль о том, что создание столь мощного производства стоит больших денег. Вопрос: с какой целью нам отдают ценнейшие разработки практически бесплатно? Аренда модуля стоит от 4 до 12 Евро. За 10 минут с их помощью можно заработать от 200 до 5000 Евро. В чем смысл передачи оборудования в наем?

Ответ на этот и многие другие вопросы скрывается в личном кабинете пользователя. Попасть в него совсем не сложно. Регистрация здесь условная. Введя несколько символов в соответствующие строки, мы успешно попали в личный кабинет. Здесь нас дожидаются обещанные 10 Евро от Александра Соловьева, и не принять этот дар было бы неправильно. Прочитав документ, именуемый «отказ от ответственности» мы поняли, что все упоминания дохода всего лишь предположения и заработать здесь скорее всего не получится.

В чем смысл проекта Александра Соловьева

За вкладкой «Техническая поддержка» можно найти ответы на популярные вопросы пользователей, но их смысл идет в разрез с текстом, написанным мелким, не читаемым шрифтом. Мы решили прояснить ситуацию и отправили письмо с «неудобными» вопросами в службу поддержки проекта на указанный адрес электронной почты [email protected] На связь с редакцией нашего сайта никто не вышел.

Запуск доступного модуля принес 740 Евро и 500 балов. Далее предлагается указать реквизиты для вывода. Следующее сообщение дает нам понять, что начисленные балы играют в процессе вывода средств немаловажную роль. Чтобы деньги дошли до адресата нужно накопить 1000 балов и получить статус «Сотрудник». Выполнить это условие совсем не сложно. Нужно только пополнить баланс личного кабинета на сумму от 4 до 12 € из собственных средств для аренды еще одного модуля.

Bitcoin World — наши отзывы о платформе

Отзывы нашей редакции о заработке в компании Bitcoin World резко-отрицательные. Несуществующий персонаж Александр Соловьев предлагает заработать деньги по неработающей схеме. Компаниям, осуществляющим добычу криптовалюты в промышленных масштабах нет никакой необходимости сдавать свои мощности в аренду. Основной задачей рассмотренного нами проекта является добыча реальных денег из электронных кошельков и банковских карт пользователей, попавшихся в красиво расставленные сети.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
заработка в проекте Bitcoin World

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОВЕРКИ:

Знакомство с проектом Александра Соловьева Bitcoin World показало, что заработок на аренде модулей по добыче криптовалюты – мошенническая схема. Основной целью ее создателей является сбор средств с людей, не имеющих никакого представления о процессе формирования электронных денег. Аферисты обманом втягивают пользователя в свою игру бесплатными коврижками в виде предоставленного бонуса в размере 10 €. Рисуют доход, который не имеет никакого отношения к реальным деньгам и требуют новых вливаний. Затем участнику развода предлагают вернуть бонусную сумму с той разницей, что заем предоставлялся в виде виртуальных Евро, а возвращать придется реальными деньгами. Напоминаем, что любой источник заработка в сети требует наличия определенных знаний, настроек и прямого участия пользователя. Подробнее о надежных источниках дохода читайте в рубрике «Проверенные Курсы».

Просим вас быть бдительными и запомнить визуально, как выглядит вышеуказанный сайт. В будущем автор может поменять как свое имя, так и название сайта.

Редакция «Проверки Курсов» отправила официальное обращение к хостингу и регистратору вышеуказанного проекта с просьбой тщательной проверки на факт мошенничества и безоговорочной блокировки этого адреса в сети Интернет. Не попадайтесь на удочку мошенникам!

Убедительно РЕКОМЕНДУЕМ использовать только ПРОВЕРЕННЫЕ КУРСЫ для получения заработка в интернете! Также не забывайте делиться данным разоблачением в социальных сетях, чтобы ОГРАДИТЬ СВОИХ ДРУЗЕЙ И БЛИЗКИХ от этого лохотрона!

Источник

Coin world org

A coin is a metal token, usually in the shape of a disc, often of a specific weight and value, and most commonly issued by a government. Coins are used as a form of money in transactions of various kinds, from the everyday circulation of the United States quarter, to the storage of vast amounts of bullion. Coins can be stamped with various designs and inscriptions as a guarantee of its exchange value. Coins made for circulation, or general monetized use, are usually used for lower-valued units, while banknotes are often issued for higher values. In most money systems, the highest value coin is worth less than the lowest-value note; additionally, the face value of circulation coins is usually higher than the gross value of the metal used in making them.

Historically, a great number of coinage metals, including alloys, and other materials have been used practically, impractically, artistically, and experimentally in the production of coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment. Materials have included gold, silver, nickel, bronze, copper, aluminum, or a combination of such metals.

Contents

Forms of money have developed from coins made from precious metals, to base metal fiat currency, to the paper money that is commonly used today. Yet, coins are still produced in great abundance and have many uses. The rise of coin-operated machines in the increasingly automated society is an example. Thus, the invention of coins can be seen as a great advance in human society, one that has already served for millennia and continues to be of value to human society.

History

Many archaeologists believe independent coinage to have originated in the seventh century B.C.E. among the early peoples of Lydia, the Aegean islands, or China. The question of the world’s first coin if often debated; while it is believed by many historians that the Lydian Lion trite is the world’s oldest coin, some argue that India’s karshapanam holds such a title. Other historians argue that Indian coins were developed from Western prototypes, which the Indians came in contact with through Babylonian traders. [1]

Despite the debate, the most widely held belief is that the world’s first coins were minted in Lydia between 643 and 630 B.C.E. These coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring yellow mixture of gold and silver, and were stamped with simple designs, markings, and later, inscriptions. Early coins contained no writing but often depicted the silhouettes of symbolic animals. A portion of these coins were found buried under a Lydian temple dating from the sixth century B.C.E.; as such, these coins are believed by many historians to have been used in ceremonial exchanges and not in everyday trade. The majority of coins recovered from this area are believed to have been manufactured under King Croseus.

Early Roman coins, dating back to the third century B.C.E., were minted first in precious metals but later in bronze and silver. Throughout the Chinese Zhou Dynasty, shells and other small particulars were used for trade and barter, replaced in the third century C.E. by the use of holed, round coins. Macedonian leaders Phillip II and Alexander III introduced similar coinage practices to remaining mainland Europe in the fourth century C.E.; many of these coins included facets of Celtic art.

By the start of the fifth century C.E., many historians believe various coinage practices reached India by means of Persian trade contacts; early prototypes belonged to both the Mauyan and Kushan peoples. In the sixth century C.E., under Cyrus the Great Lydian coinage abandoned electrum in favor of gold; many of these coins depict a portrait of the King. This design was copied by the seventh century C.E. Greeks of Asian Minor. The first cast of copper money was recovered from a tomb of the Shang Dynasty and is believed to date back to the eleventh century B.C.E. Early coins of the Byzantine Empire include thin gold coins bearing the image of the Christian cross and various Byzantine emperors.

Production

Ancient coins were often produced using a hammer and anvil surface; early coins minted in the U.S. were often die-struck by hand until the establishment of the first U.S. mint in 1792. In the mid-sixteenth century, coin production showed vast improvements with the introduction of the mill and screw machine which helped to standardized coin production worldwide. Since the early 1700s, various minting presses have been used to craft coins, beginning with screw presses and progressing, in the 1800s, towards steam driven presses.

Since the seventeenth century, milled or lettered edges were imprinted on many coins to discourage the devaluing of gold and silver coins by shaving. Coins with milled edges showed that none of the valuable metal comprising the coin had been removed from the coin. Prior to the use of milled edges, many un-milled British sterling silver coins were known to be shaved to almost half of their minted weight. This form of debasement in Tudor England led to the formulation of Gresham’s Law; under this law, the monarch would periodically recall circulating coins, paying only bullion value of the silver, and re-mint them.

Modern minting techniques often involve electric and hydraulic presses. Contemporary coins are usually stamped from rolled mental blanks, then milled; designs impressed upon the coins are the result of coining presses. [2] Over time, various governments have opted to abandon particular coinage materials. Since 1934 and the abandonment of the U.S. domestic gold standard, U.S. coins have ceased to be made from gold; in 1965, the U.S. mint abandoned silver. In the mid-1990s, the European Union (EU) adopted a common currency, known at the Euro; inaugurated in 1999, Euro coins and notes were circulated throughout the EU, entirely replacing the former currencies of most EU members. In 2004, Canada introduced the first colored coin, a quarter featuring a colored poppy.

Value

Although in the past many coins were made of valuable metals, today most coins are made of a base metal, their value coming from their status as fiat money. This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government law, and is determined by the free market. This causes such coins to be monetary tokens in the same sense that paper currency is; though paper currency is not backed directly by metal, it is supported by a government guarantee of international exchange of goods or services. Because fiat money is backed by a government guarantee, and its value determined by the free market, in practice there is very little economic difference between the two types of money.

Sometimes, coins are minted that have fiat values lower than the value of their component metals. This is often due to inflation, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin. Before 1964, examples of this phenomenon included the U.S. dime, quarter, half dollar, and dollar; also included is the U.S. nickel, and the U.S. penny before 1982. As a result of the increase in the value of copper, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Since 1982, United States pennies are made of 97.5 percent zinc coated with 2.5 percent copper.

To distinguish between the types of coins, as well as from other forms of tokens which have been used as money, some monetary scholars have attempted to define a true coin by three criteria. Firstly, it must be made of a valuable material, and trade for close to the market value of that material. Secondly, the coin must be of a standardized weight and purity. Finally, it must be marked to identify the authority that guarantees the content.

Throughout history, governments have been known to create more coinage than their supply of precious metals would allow. By replacing some fraction of a coin’s precious metal content with a base metal, often copper or nickel, the intrinsic value of each individual coin can be reduced, or debased. This allows the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible. Debasement may also occur in order to make the coin harder and therefore less likely to be worn down over time. Debasement of money almost always leads to price inflation unless price controls are also instituted by the governing authority.

Tokens

In the study of numismatics, token coins or tokens are coin-like objects used in place of coin currency. Tokens may have a denomination shown or implied either by size, color, or shape. They are often made of cheaper materials than the precious metals of coins, and can include copper, pewter, aluminum, brass, and tin, though bakelite, leather, and other less durable materials may also be used.

The key point of difference between a token and a coin is that a coin is often issued by a local or national authority and is freely exchangeable for goods or other coins, whereas a token has a more limited use and is often issued by a private company, group, association, or individual.

Currency tokens

Currency tokens, or tokens issued by a particular company or individual that are sanctioned by a local government, may also serve as a particular form of currency. The issuance of currency tokens may result from a severe shortage of money or a government’s inability to issue its own coinage. In effect, the organization crafting the sanctioned currency tokens may serve as the regional bank. One example includes the recognition of trade tokens of Strachan and Company, issued in South Africa in 1874 which, today, are considered the country’s first circulating indigenous currency.

Currency tokens may also be issued in times of high inflation. An example of this includes former Italian and Israeli telephone tokens which could be used for one telephone call despite consistent inflation of prices. Under some circumstances, New York City subway tokens could also be accepted in trade, or used in parking meters as the tokens contained a set value.

Barter tokens

From the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries throughout the British Isles and North America, barter tokens, or trade tokens, were commonly issued by traders in times of acute currency shortage. Under such circumstances, barter tokens enabled trading activities to proceed. The token was, in effect, a pledge redeemable in goods but not coins. Though the tokens never received official sanction from government authorities, they were widely accepted and circulated.

In seventeenth century England, the production of copper farthings was terminated during the English Civil War and a great shortage of small change resulted. This shortage was felt keenly due to the rapid growth of trade in small towns and cities; this, in turn, prompted both local authorities and private traders to issue tokens. These tokens were most commonly made of copper or brass, though pewter, lead, and occasionally leather tokens were issued. Most were not given a specific denomination and were intended to pass as farthings. Thousands of towns and traders issued these tokens between 1648 and 1672, when official production of farthings resumed and private production was suppressed.

Types of merchants that issued tokens include general stores, grocers, department stores, meat markets, drug stores, saloons, bars, taverns, barbers, coal mines, lumber mills, and various others. The era of 1870 through 1920 marked the highest use of «trade tokens» in the United States, spurred by the proliferation of saloons, billiard halls, bakeries, and general stores.

Trade tokens may also be issued by a government for members of a military. Because of their weight, the U.S. Treasury Department does not ship coins to the Armed Forces serving overseas. Instead, officials of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service often make trade tokens, known as pogs, in denominations of 5, 10 and 25 cents. The pogs are about 38mm in diameter and feature various military-themed graphics.

Casino tokens

Metal token coins may also be used in lieu of cash in some casino slot machines. Money may be exchanged for the token coins or chips at any casino cage, gaming table, or slot machine, or at a cashier station for slot token coins. These tokens are often interchangeable with money at the casino; generally the tokens have no value outside out of the casino.

In the United States, after the increase in the value of silver stopped the circulation of silver dollar coins around 1964, casinos rushed to find a substitute, as most slot machines at that time relied heavily upon the coin. The Nevada State Gaming Control Board, consulting with the U.S. Treasury, soon allowed casinos to start using their own tokens to operate slot machines.

In many jurisdictions, casinos are not permitted to use currency in slot machines, necessitating tokens for smaller denominations. More recently, tokens are being phased out of many casinos in favor of coin-less machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout.

Staff tokens

Under some circumstances, staff tokens may be issued to the staff members of businesses in lieu of coins. In the United States during the 1800s, the argument supporting token payment to staff members was the shortage of coins in circulation; in reality employees were often forced to spend their wages in the company store at highly inflated prices. This resulted in a dramatic lowering of the employee’s actual salaries and disposable incomes.

Other tokens

Railways and public transportation agencies often use fare tokens to sell public transportation rides. Businesses such as car washes, video arcades, and parking garages also make use of such coins. Various commemorative coins may also be produced with no monetary value to distribute by a company, country, or organization. Historically, various church organizations gave tokens to members passing a religious test prior to the day of communion; the token was required the next day for entry to the services. While this practice was mostly used in Scottish Protestant churches, some U.S. churches issued communion tokens. Generally, these were pewter, often cast by the minister in church-owned molds. Replicas of these tokens have more recently been made available for sale at some of the churches that formerly followed this practice.

Coin Collecting

Coin collecting is the collecting or trading of coins or other forms of legally minted currency. Frequently collected coins often include those that were in circulation for only a brief time, those that are considered rare because they were only minted for a short time, coins that were minted with errors, or foreign coins. Though both are closely related, coin collecting as a hobby can be differentiated from numismatics in that the latter is the scientific study of currency.

The most famous and widely collected coins of antiquity are ancient Roman coins and Greek coins. Non-monetized bullion coins, made of silver or gold, or, rarely, other metals such as platinum or palladium are often intentionally produced for collectors or investors of precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector coins include the United States American Gold Eagle, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, and the South Africa Krugerrand. The U.S. Eagle coin has a face value of ten U.S. dollars while the Double Eagle has a face value of twenty U.S. dollars. The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf also has nominal face value, though the Krugerrand does not.

In terms of its value as a collector’s item, a coin is generally made more or less valuable by its condition, historical significance, rarity, beauty and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is deeply lacking in any of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. Bullion coins are also valued based on these factors, but are more so valued on the gold or silver comprising them.

Superstitious beliefs

Many societies believe damaged coins, such as those bent or minted with an irregular marking, are believed to be lucky. In particular, holed coins produced throughout the 1830s until the 1950s in England were often collected by various shopkeepers, soldiers, or generally superstitious individuals in the belief that they carried good luck. Bent coins, such as the crooked sixpence of the nursery rhyme «There Was a Crooked Man,» were also considered to bring luck to the individual who held it. In Medieval Great Britain, coins were often intentionally bent to be offered as gifts, when taking a vow, or as part of a cure. These coins were often offered to a saint in order for the intended purposes to take place. A widespread practice continues to exist in which a coin in placed under the mast of any new boat in order to bring the vessel good luck.

In Greek mythology Charon, the ferryman of Hades, charged the newly deceased for passage across the river Styx to the world of the dead. Therefore, a coin was often placed in the mouth of a dead person as payment to Charon.

Modern Coinage

Traditionally, the side of a coin carrying a bust of a monarch or other authority, or a national emblem, is often called the obverse side, or heads. The other side may be called the reverse, or tails. This is however an exception for some Chinese coins, most Canadian coins, the British twenty pence coin, and all Japanese coins.

The orientation of the obverse with respect to the reverse differs between countries. Some coins have coin orientation, where the coin must be flipped vertically to see the other side; other coins, such as British coins, have medallic orientation, where the coin must be flipped horizontally to see the other side. The exergue, or the space on a coin beneath the main design, is often used to show the coin’s date, though it may also contain a mintmark, privy mark, or left blank.

Coins that are not round usually have an odd number of sides, with the edges rounded off. This is so that the coin has a constant diameter, and will therefore be recognized by vending machines. Coins can also be popularly used as a sort of two-sided die in order to choose between two options with a random possibility. One choice may be labeled heads and the other tails; a fair coin is defined to have the probability of heads of exactly 0.5.

Coins can also come in various shapes and sizes; guitar-shaped coins were once issued in Somalia, Poland once issued a fan-shaped 10 złoty coin, and in 2002 Nauru issued a 10 dollar coin shaped in the form of Europe. [4]

Forms of money have developed from various items of actual value, to coins of valuable metals, to fiat versions comprised of base metals, and finally to the paper money widely used in the twenty-first century. As such, one may expect past monetary forms, such as coins, to become obsolete. Though paper money may often be considered more convenient, there still exists an essential need for coins. Because of this need, the future of coins and their continued use and existence appears bright.

Notes

References

External Links

All links retrieved March 8, 2017.

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